Site of Action
Location where an administered drug produces an effect
Receptor
Cellular material at the site of action that interacts with the drug
Selective Action
Characteristic of a drug that makes its action specific to certain receptors and tissues
Objective of Drug Therapy
To deliver the right drug, in the right concentration, to the right site of action, and at the right time to produce the desired effect.
Agonist
Drugs that activate receptors to accelerate or slow normal cellular function.
Antagonist
Drugs that bind with receptors but do not activate them. They block receptor action by preventing other drugs or substances from activating them.
Biopharmaceutics
The study of the factors associated with drug products and the physiological processes, and the resulting systemic concentrations of the drugs.
Minimum Effective Concentration(MEC)
The blood concentration needed for a drug to produce a response.
Therapeutic Window
A drug's blood concentration range between its MEC and MTC
Onset of Action
The time MEC is reached and the response occurs
Minimum Toxic Concentration(MTC)
The upper limit of the therapeutic window. Drug concentrations above the ? increase the risk of undesired effects
Duration of Action
The time drug concentration is above the MEC
ADME Processes
Blood concentrations are the result of four simultaneously occurring processes: ?
Disposition
A term sometimes used to refer to all the ADME processes together
Elimination
The processes of metabolism and excretion.
Passive Diffusion
The movement of drugs from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
Hydrophilic
Capable of associating with or absorbing water
Active Transport
The movement of drugs from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Cellular energy is required.
Absorption
The movement of the drug from the dosage formulation to the blood.
Gastric Emptying Time
The time a drug will stay in the stomach before it is emptied into the small intestine.
Protein Binding
The attachment of a drug molecule to a plasma or tissue protein, effectively making the drug inactive, but also keeping it within the body.
Complexation
When different molecules associate or attach to each other.
Metabolite
The substance resulting from the body's transformation of an administered drug.
Enzyme
A complex protein that catalyzes chemical reactions
Enzyme Induction
The increase in hepatic enzyme activity that results in greater metabolism of drugs.
Enzyme Inhibition
The decrease in hepatic enzyme activity that results in reduced metabolism of drugs
Enterohepatic Cycling
The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gallbladder, then into the intestine, and then back into circulation
First Pass Metabolism
The substantial degradation of an orally administered drug caused by enzyme metabolism in the liver before the drug reaches systemic circulation
Glomerular Filtration
The blood filtering process of the nephron
molecular
When a drug produces an effect, it is interacting at a ? level with cellular material or structure.
True
True or False: Receptors are located on the surfaces of cell membranes and inside cells
receptor
When drug molecules bind with a ?, they can cause a reaction that stimulates or inhibits cellular functions
True
True or False: Receptors can be changed by drug use
Blood Concentrations
? are the result of four simultaneously occurring processes, absorption, distribution and excretion.
ionized
In solutions, when acids dissociate they become ?
unionized
In solutions, when bases dissociate, they become?
biological membranes
Besides the four ADME processes, a critical factor of drug concentration and effect is how drugs move through ?
Biological membranes
? are complex structures composed of lipids(fats) and proteins
Distribution
? involves the movement of a drug within a body once the drug has reached the blood.
Drug metabolism
? refers to the body's process of transforming drugs.
liver
The primary site of drug metabolism in the body is the ?
Enterohepatic Cycling
Occurs when a drug is secreted into the intestines along with the bile and reabsorbed back into the blood circulation
Bioequivalency
The comparison of bioavailaility between two dosage forms
Bioavailability
The relative amount of an administered dose that reaches the general circulation and the rate at which this occurs.
FDA
Government agency that requires drug manufacturers to perform bioequivalency studies on their products before they are approved for marketing.
Pharmaceutical Equivalent
Drug products that contain identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dosage form
Pharmaceutical Alternative
Drug products that contain the same active ingredient, but not necessarily the same salt form, amount, or dosage form.
Therapeutic Equivalent
Pharmaceutical equivalents that produce the same effects in patients.
lipid soluble
Unionized drugs are more ?
small intestine
Most drugs given orally are absorbed into the blood from the ?
intravenous
Which route of administratinon does not have an absorption step ?
by any route other than oral
To avoid first-pass metabolism, administer the drug ?
basic drug in high Ph urine
What circumstance will result in a drug undergoing urinary reabsorption
absolute
To determine the bioavailability of one product, it must be compared to another product. If the second product is an intravenous solution, the bioavailability is termed ?
Enterohepatic Cycling
The transfer of drugs and their metabolites from the liver to the bile in the gall bladder and then into the intestine
True
True or False: Antagonists bind to cell receptors but do not activate them.
False
True or False: Cell membranes generally absorb hydrophilic drugs more easily than hydrophobic ones
False
True or False:Most drugs and metabolites are excreted by the liver