gametogensis
production of gametes through meiosis
spermotogenesis
the production of sperm that is controlled by the endocrine system
oogenesis
the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
gonads
reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries
Variation
produces unique individuals, better adapted for their environment
independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes (homologous chromosomes)
4 methods of variation
independent assortment, random fertilization, crossing over, mutations
Diploid
46 Chromosomes
Haploid
23 Chromosomes
one egg
Two to the twenty third
one sperm
two to the twenty third
genetic recombination
the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents
female reproductive structures
ovary, oviducts, uterus, and vagina
vagina
muscular, flexible organ "birth canal
cervix
mouth of the uterus, connects the vagina and uterus
oviducts
fertilization occurs here; entering site for the sperm also known as fallopian tubes , Tubes that carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus; also called fallopian tubes or uterine tubes.
ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy outside of the womb, usually in a fallopian tube
follicle
cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human female reproductive system, contain cilia to sweep the ovum to the uterus
male reproductive structures
testes, scrotum, epiditimus, vas deferents, penis
sperm
the male gamete
scrotum
external sac containing the testes; (warmer temperature=deformed sperm)
testes
The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones.
epididymis
structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored
urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body; in males, tube through which semen is released from the body
vas deferens
tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
penis
the male organ that transfers sperm to a female and that carries urine out of the body.
gametogenesis
the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis
400,000
number of ova female produce at birth
400,000,000
number of sperm male produce per day (after puberty)
200,000,000
number of sperm that actually find and enter the oviduct
500
number of sperm that actually finish the journey
1
number of sperm that fertilizes the egg
hormones
chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
estrogen
responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction
progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries which acts with estrogen to bring about the menstral cycle.
testoserone
stimulates growth of primary sexual organs; plus secondary sexual characteristics
menstrual cycle
changes in the uterus; the cycle trigger by estrogen and progesterone, this is when an egg is produces and discard, unless the egg is fertilized; lasting about a month, in which an egg matures and is released from the ovary and the uterus prepares to receive it.
ovarian cycle
matures the egg; The cycle that prepares the ovary for fertilization; changes in the ovary
ovulation
release of the ovum from the ovary
follicle
cluster of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing egg cell in an ovary
corpus ludium
remains of a follicle once it released the eggs, if fertilization occurs it produces estrogen and progesteron hormones to maintain pregnancy
gonad
a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced
sperm head
place in the sperm that contains the nucleus; it is haploid
midpeice
place in the sperm that give it energy; contains a lot of mitochondria
zeno pellucida
surrounds the plasma membrane of an oocyte
oocyte
an immature egg
blastocyst
32 cells; A fluid-filled sphere formed about 5 days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and inner cell mass. THis is the structure that implants in the endometrium of the uterus.
implantation
embedding of embryo into endometrium; anchors the embryo into the uterus; becomes part of the placenta
outer layer
part of the blastocyst that is made up of trophoblasts; secretes enzymes that aid in implantation>becomes part of placenta
inner layer
part of the blastocyst that gives rise to the organism; considered the embryotic stem cell
gastrulation
formation of embryonic tissues; begins about three weeks after fertilization; creates three layers of tissues
eptoderm
skin and nerve tissues
mesoderm
muscle tissues
endoderm
digestive tract and lung tissues
placenta
develops inside the uterus; surrounds the fetus; organ in female through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother
labor
baby being born
rhythmic contractions
forces baby out of the uterus
oxytocin
hormone produced by pituitary gland
zygote
day one of development
embryo
day two
9 weeks
birth; fetus; all organs present
Bacterial infection
cells and can be treated with antibiotics
viral infection
not made of cells and can't be treated
Bacterial infections
C.G.S chamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
viral infections
GW.GH.HIV genital warts, genital herpes, HIV