characteristic feature of the liver
arrangement in lobules with its uniformappearance of cells and their arrangement in cords (rows) of cells.
Some of the liver slidesare stained with__________ which stains ______________ blueand______________ red (these make it easy to see the hexagonal make-up of theliver).
Mallory-Azan stain collagenous connective tissue cellular components
liver slides (such as the ones in your slide box) arestained with _______which does not contrast connective tissueas well as Mallory-Azan. However, you can still faintly see the connective tissue outlines.
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
Liver at 40x the cordsare separated by pale staining regions (lack of staining), which are _______ linedby a special kind of cell called an _______. All spaces containing blood are lined with _______. The _______ found throughout the liver arranged in cords are_______. Their cell boundaries should be distinct.
venous sinusesendothelial cellsendothelial cells cuboidal cellshepatocytes
In the center of the cell, you should see a round structure with small dark staining granules.This is the cell nucleus. In many nuclei you see a dark spot, what do you think this darkspot is?
Chromatin, non dividing DNA
_____ stains the DNA dark blue. The more condensed the DNA, the darker the staining.Dark staining chromatin is called _______ and light staining chromatin isreferred to as ________
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)heterochromatin euchromatin
Euchromatin & heterochromatin These termshave functional significance. Can you tell what that significance is?
Euchromatin participates in the active transcription of DNA to mRNA products. Light comprises most of active cellHeterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA, gene protection, dense dark inactive
Cellular Inclusions give example where it is found, what stain used, what counterstain is used
- Glycogen granules- found in liver-stained with PAS (periodic acid & schiff regent) stains carbohydrates an intense red. The counterstainwith hematoxylin shows the cell nuclei
The "powerhouse" of the cell, produces ATP. In what tissue type would you findmore mitochondria compared to others?
Cardiac muscles, branches, intercalated disks has myofibrils that pull apart you can see black granules which are mitochondria
What cell uses a lot of Rough ER
Neurons that contain nissil bodies use a lot of rough ER b/c it is where protein synthesis occurs. Neurons communicate via protein (neurotransmitters)
You can find Rough ER inthe________ of the neuron, but not in the axons.
soma (body) or dendrites
Simple squamous
Shape -Flattened cells; nuclei areflattened or rounded; "fried egg"shape Layer-1Feature- Mesothelial and endothelialcells have flattened nuclei; thinloops of Henle have ovoidnuclei
Stratified squamous,non-keratinized
Surface layer cells and nuclei areflattened; inner layers polygonal many layers
Stratified squamous,keratinized
Surface layer cells and nuclei areflattened; basal layer columnarwith polygonal cells in between Keratinized layer of cells atsurface. Contain no nuclei, deadcells, usually disconnected
Simple cuboidal
Cubic; cells are as wide as theyare tall; fairly round nuclei 1 layerVery common in glandularepithelium
Stratified cuboidal
layers -Usually 2 Cubic in both layersRare; identifying feature ofsweat gland ducts
Simple columnar
Columnar; cells are taller thanthey are wide; Nuclei line up in anice neat row along basal surface1 layer
Stratified columnar
Surface (apical) cells are tall;basal layer cuboidal or polygonal 2 layersRare; found in salivary glandducts; rectal-anal junctions
Pseudostratifiedcolumnar
Columnar shaped cells; shortbasal layer; all nuclei are atdifferent levels; have cilia 1 layerAll cells touch basal lamina;only some cells reach surface
Transitional
Dome shaped when organs areempty; flattened when the organis distended Many layersFound only in the urinary tract(i.e. ureter, urinary bladder)
Ground substance
the transparent gel-like fluid substance between the fibers and cellsof connective tissues. Consists of water, salts, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans(hyaluronic acid).
Cell Types found in Connective Tissues
fibroblasts=synthesis and maintenance ofmatrix macrophages=engulf foreign, dead and dying cells and cellular debrismast cells= contain granules with chemicals such as histamine and others which are involved in the inflammatory response adipocytes=specialized cells that store fatleukcocytes=lymphocytes, plasma cells (make antibodies), neutrophils all involved in immuneresponse
Adipose Tissue
White fat (unilocular) can be found almost anywhere. Brown fat isusually found in animals that hibernate and in newborn infants.
Loose connective tissue name & which type found in mucosa
Areolar tissue, lamina propria
Lamina Propria
- loose connective tissue found in mucosa. Supportsthe delicate mucosa epithelium, provides immune defense and allowsthe epithelium to move freely. Since mucosal epithelium is more susceptible to invasion, the lamina propria contains numerousimmune cells to provide an effective secondary line of defense.- Seen in tonsils, peyer's patches (ileum) and appendix
Areolar Tissue
connective tissue component of serous and mucousmembranes. Acts as filler between muscles and between muscles andskin.Collagen and elastic fibers are present, as are fibroblasts, mast cells,macrophages and most other connective tissues cells. It is vascular.
Dense Connective Tissue
1.Regular - fiber bundles are arranged in parallel. Avascular tissue,fibroblasts are elongated. Tendons are a good example. 2. Irregular - Densely packed collagen bundles oriented in all directions. Vascular and the most prominent cell type are fibroblasts. Dermis and capsules of many organs. 3. Elastic - abundance of elastic fiber bundles. Found in larger blood vessels and some vertebral ligaments.
Reticular Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue with an abundance of reticular fibers. Can onlybe visualized with silver stains, and show up as black strands. Cellulardetails are very sparse. Forms framework of bone marrow, lymphoidorgans, and the liver sinusoids.
Difference between Hyaline & Elastic Cartilage
Extracellular matrix- Hyaline chondrocytes in lacunae, perichondium, glassy apperanceelastic- presence of elastic fibers look dense
Which cartilage is the only one to have Type I collagen in addition to type II
Fibrocartilage - gives more coarse fibrous appearance
Difference between Hyaline, Elastic CArt & Fibrocartilage
Fibro- chondro & lacuane line up
Cartilage, where is it found & function
Cartilage is found on joint surfaces, forms framework for nose, ear andrespiratory tract, is located between vertebrae and forms the framework for theskeletal system in the embryo.
Cartilage is _______, but receives nutrientsfrom connective tissue surrounding it_____. The matrix of cartilage is mainly made of ______ while elasticcartilage has ____. There are three types ofcartilage:____,___&____. Though they vary somewhat inextracellular makeup, the purpose of cartilage is to provide a ___to the organs and joints they surround
avascularperichondriumcollagen-to enforce and provide strength elastic fibers (to provide flexibility) Hyaline, Elastic and fibrocartilage.firm and protective matrix
Hyaline Cartilage where is it found & function
Most abundant of the three types of cartilage. Found predominatelyin the nose, respiratory tree (larynx, trachea and bronchi) anterior ends ofribs, synovial joints and forms the foundational structure for bone in thefetus.
Hyaline Cartilage Function:_____. Has cushioningproperties and resists_______. It is characterized by a _____, _________,________, appositional and interstitial growth. Chondrocytes tend toform__________. Has a "_____" appearance.
to support and reinforcecompressive stress. homogenous matrix, chondrocytes in lacunae,perichondrium,isogenous groups (a cluster of chondrocytes which have all been derived from the same progenitor cell)."glassy
Elastic Cartilage where found and function
Found in the ears, epiglottis and part of the larynx. Functions:maintains the shape of structures, such as the ear, and due to elastic fibers inits matrix, allows great flexibility.
_______ is very similar to hyaline cartilage, but characterized by the presence of_____ in the matrix. The chondrocytes also tend to be ____________ than those in hyaline cartilage. Also as withhyaline, a______ is present.
Elastic cartilagenumerous elastic fibers larger and more numerousperichondrium
Fibrocartilage where is it found & function
Found in the invertebral discs, pubic symphysis and articular jointssuch as the knee (meniscus). Functions: acts as a shock absorber.
Fibrocartilage characterized by_______. Onlycartilage that contains _____, in addition to type II collagen, which gives fibrocartilage a more ________.
chondrocytes which usually are seen in rows type I collagencoarse fibrous appearance
Bone is the structural support of the body, making up the skeleton. Bone is amatrix that is composed of 25% ______and_______, with much of the remainder being water.
type I collagen (organic) 65% calciumhydroxyapatite crystals (inorganic)
Bone surfaces are lined with either ____ or _____. The membrane structure which lines almost all bones (not seen at joints of long bones) and contains a superficial fibrous layer and a deep cellular layer is called _____.It is identified as it is made of dense irregular connective tissue.
periosteum or endosteumPeriosteum
The fibrous layer of bone contains______ while the cellular layer hasosteoprogenitor cells which can become bone forming cells, _______. The _______ is connectedto the bone through collagen bundles which penetrate the bone matrix, theseextensions are referred to as ____ (refer to Figure 5-11).
fibroblasts,osteoblastsperiostiumSharpey's fibers
The internal surface of bone is lined with a membrane called ______. It is a _____ connective tissue and also has _______ within it There are two types of bone tissue: _______ & ______ both are seen in allbones, but to what extent depends on the different bones.
endosteum reticularosteoprogenitor cellsSpongy and compact,
Spongy bone, also referred to as______, is found in theinterior of bones. It is a delicate network of _______.These trabeculae are arranged in such a way that they can support and withstand the stresses put on them._______ are not seen in spongy bone.Spaces between trabeculae contain _______(depending on age of person and which bone it is). In red marrow you willsee red blood cells, while yellow marrow will contain mainly fat. The areasthat stain darker (trabeculae) contain osteocytes in lacunae.
cancellous bonetrabeculae ("small beam"). Haversian systemsred or yellow bone marrow
The matrix of compact bone is very dense. Within it there are twotypes of canals which carry blood vessels:____ & _____. ________run parallel with the surface (these are the onesthat make up the central canal which you see in cross sections of compactbone). _______ run perpendicular to Haversian canals,interconnecting them with one another.
Volkmann's canals and HaversiancanalsHaversian canals Volkmann's canals
The Osteon, or ______, is the structural and functional unit of______. When you look at the cross section of bone, you will see that each osteon has a ______. Surrounding the centralcanal are concentric layers, aka concentric ______, of compact bone tissue.Within the concentric lamellae are _______ whichhave become surrounded by their own matrix. This matrix is referred to as_______, so they are ______ in lacunae. Osteocytes can make contactwith other osteocytes by a network of tiny canals called _______. Throughout this internetwork of canals, nutrients and oxygen from the bloodcan diffuse to cells and wastes can leave.
Haversian system compact bone.central Haversian, canallamellaeosteocytes (mature bone cells)lacunaeosteocytescanaliculi.