Health
The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions.
-factors that influence health: biology/genetics, environment or conditions of living, access to health care,
Wellness
The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions.
-optimal functioning, which is possible only when basic human needs are met: food, water, etc.
-dimensions of wellness: S.P.E.C.I.E.S. (social, physical, emotional, car
Physical Health
includes characteristics such as body size and shape, sensory acuity and responsiveness, susceptibility to disease and disorders, body functioning. Ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs).
Social Health
refers to the ability to have satisfying interpersonal relationships, including interactions with others, adaptation to social situations, and appropriate daily behaviors in society.
Intellectual Health
refers to the ability to think clearly, reason objectively, analyze critically, and use brain power effectively to meet life's challenges. It means learning from successes and mistakes and making responsible decisions that take into consideration all aspe
Emotional Health
refers to the ability to express emotions when they are appropriate, controlling them when they are not, and avoiding expressing them inappropriately.
the feeling part of psychosocial health; includes your emotional reactions to life.
Environmental Health
refers to an appreciation of the external environment and the role individuals play to preserve, protect, and improve environmental conditions
Spiritual Health
involves subscribing to a way of life or a belief in a supreme being based on a particular religious doctrine or feeling of unity with a greater force and a guiding sense of meaning or val use in all life. Finding purpose in life.
Mental Health
The thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes, and beliefs.
the "thinking" or "rational" part of psychosocial health. It is defined as the
successful performance of mental function and results in productive activities, fulfilli
Goals of Healthy People 2010
increase life span and quality of life
eliminate health disparities
Health in the past
life span in 1900 was 47, infectious disease used to be the primary cause of death and poor health used to be associated with poor hygiene, food and water supply, and sanitation.
Health now
poor health is associated more with personal behavior and life choices.
Health Disparities
Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other health conditions among specific population groups.
Contributors to Health Disparities
-Race and ethnicity
-Inadequate health insurance
-Lifestyle behaviors
-Transportation
Health Promotion
Combined educational, organizational, policy, financial, and environmental supports to help people reduce negative health behaviors and promote positive change.
Risk Behaviors
Behaviors that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes
Primary Prevention
Actions designed to stop problems before they start.
Secondary Prevention (intervention)
Intervention early in the development of a health problem.
Tertiary Prevention
Treatment and/or rehabilitation efforts
Incidence
The number of new cases
Prevalence
The number of existing cases
Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES)
Academically trained health educator who has passed a national competency examination for prevention and intervention programming.
Healthy Life Expectancy
The number of years a newborn can expect to live in full health, based on current rates of illness and mortality
Cultural Competency
A set of congruent attitudes and policies that come together in a system or among individuals and enables effective work in cross-cultural situations
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
National study of postmenopausal women conducted in conjunction with the NIH mandate for equal research priorities for women's health issues.
Predisposing Factors
Our life experiences, knowledge, cultural and ethnic heritage, and current beliefs and values are all predisposing factors that influence behavior
Enabling Factors
Skills and abilities; physical, emotional, and mental capabilities; community and government priorities and commitment to health; and safe and convenient resources and facilities that make health decisions easy or difficult are enabling factors.
Positive Enablers
encourage you to carry through on your intentions to change
Negative Enablers
work against your intentions to change
Reinforcing factors
include the presence or absence of support, encouragement, or discouragement that significant people in your life bring to a situation; employer actions and policies; health provider costs and access; community resources; and access to health education.
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully.
Belief
Appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of that object, action, or idea
Attitude
Relatively stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies in relation to something or someone.
Health Belief Model (HBM)
Model for explaining how beliefs may influence behaviors
Locus of Control
the "location," external (outside oneself) or internal (within oneself), an individual perceives as the source and underlying cause of events in his/her life.
Shaping
Using a series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular goal.
Imagined Rehearsal
Practicing, through mental imagery, to become better able to perform an event in actuality.
Modeling Learning
specific behaviors by watching others perform them.
Visualization
Mental practice can transform unhealthy behaviors into healthy ones.
Modeling
Modeling, or learning behaviors by watching others perform them.
Situational Inducement
Attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are structured to exert control over that behavior.
Self-talk
The customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself, which can impact your self-image.
psychosocial health
The mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health.
-Psychosocial health encompasses the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of
? They feel good about themselves.
? They feel comfortable with other people.
? They control ten
Social Health
Aspect of psychosocial health that includes interactions with others, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations
Social Support
Network of people and services with whom you share ties and get support.
Prejudice
A negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavorable and often wrong ideas about the group.
Spirituality
A belief in a unifying force that gives meaning to life and transcends the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence.
Dysfunctional Families
Families in which there is violence; physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative family interactions.
External factors
in life are those that we do not control, such as who raised us and where we live.
Self-esteem
one's sense of self-respect or self-worth.
Learned Helplessness
Pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated failure in the past.
Learned Optimism
Teaching oneself to think optimistically.
Extroversion
the ability to adapt to a social situation and demonstrate assertiveness as well as power or interpersonal involvement
Conscientiousness
the qualities of being dependable and demonstrating self-control, discipline, and a need to achieve
Emotional stability
the ability to maintain social control.
Openness to experience
the willingness to demonstrate curiosity and independence (also referred to as inquiring intellect).
Resiliency
An individual's capacity for adapting to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways.
Flourishing
means to live within an optimal range of human functioning�one that connotes goodness, productivity, growth, and resilience.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
The science that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior and how this affects the body's immune system.
-stress too
Subjective Well-Being (SWB)
That uplifting feeling of inner peace and wonder (happiness).
Mental Illnesses
Disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and that impair daily functioning.
Chronic mood disorders
are disorders that affect how you feel, such as persistent sadness or feelings of euphoria. They include depression and bipolar disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
Severe depression that entails chronic mood disorder, physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate.
caused by the interaction between biology, learned behavioral responses, cognitive fa
Bipolar Disorder
Form of depression characterized by alternating mania and depression (often
have severe mood swings, ranging from severe highs (mania) to lows (depression).
Dysthymic Disorder
a less severe type of depression than major depressive disorder that is milder, chronic, harder to recognize, and often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or a short temper.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
depression that occurs in the winter months (w/o sun).
Anxiety disorders
disorders characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
a constant sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, tension, and other symptoms.
panic attack
severe anxiety reaction in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons, causes terror.
Phobia
A deep and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the source of the fear.
Social Phobia
A phobia characterized by fear and avoidance of social situations
Phobia vs anxiety disorders
In contrast to anxiety disorders, phobias, or phobic disorders, involve a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, often out of proportion to the circumstances
Schizophrenia:
A mental illness with biological origins that is characterized by irrational behavior, severe alterations of the senses (hallucinations), and often an inability to function in society.
signs of suicide
? Recent loss and a seeming inability to let go of grief
? Change in personality
? Change in behavior
Psychosocial health
Psychosocial health is a complex phenomenon involving mental, emotional, social, and spiritual health.
factors of Psychosocial health
including life experiences,
family,
the environment,
other people,
self-esteem,
self-efficacy,
personality.
Stress death toll
40% of deaths and 70% of disease are related to stress (heart disease, cancer, mental health)
Stress
The experience of a perceived threat (real or imagined) to one's well-being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptations
Stressor
A physical, social, or psychological event or condition that we perceive challenges or threatens us and that produces a stress response.
Stress response
The series of physiological changes and adaptations that result from a stressor.
Coping
The act of managing events or conditions to lessen the physical or psychological effects of excess stress.
Eustress
Stress that presents opportunities for personal growth; positive stress.
Distress
Stress that can have a detrimental effect on health; negative stress.
Fight-or-flight Response
Physiological arousal response in which the body prepares to combat or escape a real or perceived threat.
Homeostasis
A balanced physical state in which all the body's systems function smoothly.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
The pattern followed in the physiological response to stress, consisting
of the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases.
-this was first developed by Hans Selye
-The GAS has three distinct phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Alarm Phase
(GAS)
When the body is exposed to a real or perceived stressor, the fight-or-flight response kicks into gear. Stress hormones flow, and the body prepares to do battle. The subconscious perceptions and appraisal of the stressor stimulate the areas in the b
Resistance Phase
(GAS)
is similar to the alarm phase in that the same organs and systems are mobilized, but at a less intense level. The body tries to return to homeostasis, but because some perceived stressor still exists, the body does not achieve complete rest. Instead
Exhaustion Phase
(GAS)
Stress promotes adaptation, but a prolonged response leads to allostatic load, or exhaustive
wear and tear on the body. In the exhaustion phase of the GAS, the physical and emotional energy used to fight a stressor has been depleted. The toll the st
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The portion of the central nervous system regulating body functions that a person does not normally consciously control.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for stress arousal.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for slowing system stimulated by the stress response.
Hypothalamus
A structure in the brain that controls the sympathetic nervous system and directs the stress response.
Epinephrine
Also called adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates body systems in response to stress.
Cortisol
Hormone released by the adrenal glands that makes stored nutrients more readily available to meet energy demands
Conflict
occurs when we are forced to make difficult decisions between competing motives, behaviors, or impulses, or when we are forced to face incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals
Overload:
Excessive time pressure, too much responsibility, high expectations of yourself and those around you, and lack of support can lead to overload, a state of being overburdened.
Burnout
People who regularly suffer from overload, frustration, and disappointment may eventually experience burnout, a state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress.
Cognitive restructuring
The modification of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs that contribute to stress.
Sympathomimetics
Food substances that can produce stress-like responses.
Visualization
The creation of mental images to promote relaxation.
Meditation
A relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration.
Biofeedback
A technique that involves using a machine to self-monitor physical responses to stress.
pathogens
a disease-causing agent.
Defenses of the body against pathogens
tears- wash away substances
stomach-acid kills organisms
bladder- urine washes out microbes
immune system- B Cells, antibodies, T cells, Memory cells
saliva-washes microbes from mouth
skin- physical barrier
respiratory tract- mucus traps things
large inte
non-REM (NREM) sleep
a period of restful sleep dominated by slow brain waves; during non-REM sleep, rapid eye movement is rare.
REM sleep
a period of sleep characterized by brain wave activity similar to that seen in wakefulness; rapid eye movement and dreaming occur.
Sleep stages
1. lasts only a few minutes, you are drifting off, lightest stage and you are most easily awakened.
2. lasts 5-15 minutes, movements gradually cease and you disengage from your environment.
3. NREM sleep/slow wave sleep, blood pressure drops, so does hear
micro-sleeps
are when you fall asleep for a fraction of a second as a result of sleep deprivation, sleep disorders, fatigue, and depression.
why do you need sleep?
1. it conserves body energy.
2. restores you both physically and mentally.
-without sleep, your body does not function as well, and you become more vulnerable to a wide variety of health problems...slowed metabolism, disturbances in hormones.
-sleep helps
insomnia
a disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep quickly, frequent arousals during sleep, or early morning awakening.
sleep apnea
a disorder in which breathing is briefly and repeatedly interrupted during sleep
parasomnia
a disorder characterized by the occurrence of undesirable events while sleeping.
narcolepsy
excessive, intrusive sleepiness.
circadian rhythms:
24 hour cycle of physiological and behavioral functioning which assists the body to move from wake to sleep in a constant cycle
-maintained by:
1. suprochiasmatic nuclei (SCN): controls body temperature and releases melatonin (relaxes you)
2. hypothalemus