Frontal Lobe
area concerned with personality, behavior, emotions and intellectual function
Parietal Lobe
postcentral gyrus is the primary center for sensation
Occipital Lobe
is the primary visual receptor center
Temporal Lobe
Behind the ear has the primary auditory reception center
Wernicke's area
in the temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension
Receptive aphasia
person can hear, but is has no meaning. results from damage to the dominant hemisphere
Broca's area
in the frontal lobe and mediates motor speech
Expressive aphasia
person can not talk. result from injured dominant hemisphere
Basal Gangila
control automatic associated movements of the body
Thalamus
is the main relay station for the nervous system
Hypothalamus
major control center
controls: temp, heart rate, BP, sleep center, anterior & posterior pituitary gland regulator and coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium and muscle tone. Does not initiate movement, but coordinates and smooths it.
Spinal Cord
main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves and it mediates reflexes.
Left cerebral cortex
receives sensory info from and controls motor function to the right side of the body. Know as Cross representation
Right cerebral cortex
interacts with the left side of the body
Spinothalamic tract
sensations of pain, temperature and crude or light touch
Posterior (Dorsal) Columns
these fibers conduct the sensations of position, vibration and finely localized touch
organs absent from the brain map
heart, liver, spleen
Corticospinal or Pyramidal tracts
Motor nerve fibers originate in the motor cortex and travel to the brain stem, where they cross to the opposite or contralateral side and then pass down in the lateral column of the spinal cord
Extrapyramidal tracts
subcortical motor fibers maintain muscle tone and control body movement, especially gross automatic movements, such as walking
Upper motor neurons
located completely within the CNS
convey impulses from motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the lower motor neurons in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord
Corticospinal, Corticobulbar, Extrapyramidal tracts
examples of Upper Motor Neurons
Upper motor neuron diseases
cerebrovascular accident, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis
Lower motor neurons
located in the PNS
is the "final common pathway" because it funnels many neural signals here and provides the final direct contact with the muscles.
cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the PNS
examples of Lower Motor Neurons
Lower motor neuron diseases
spinal cord lesions, poliomyelisis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
sensory afferent, efferent
The peripheral nerves carry input to the CNS via their _____ fibers and deliver output fromt he CNS via the _____ fibers
Reflexes
are the basic defense mechanisms of the nervous system
help the body maintain balance and appropriate muscle tone
Reflexes
Deep tendon reflexes
(Myotatic) patellar or knee jerk
Superficial
corneal reflex, abdominal reflex
Visceral
(organic) pupillary responses to light and accommodation
Pathologic
(abnormal) babinski's or extensor plantar reflex
Deep tendon
an intact sensory nerve (afferent)
functional synapse in the cord
intact motor nerve fiber (efferent)
neuromuscular junction
competent muscle
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs.
supply primarily the head and neck except the vagus.
Vagus Nerve
travels to the heart, respiratory muscles, stomach. gallbladder
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs.
"mixed" nerves because they contain both sensory and motor fibers.
CN I: Olfactory
Type: Sensory
Function: Smell
CN II: Optic
Type: Sensory
Function: Vision
CN III: Oculomotor
Type: Mixed
Function: Motor-most EOM movement, opening of eyelids. Parasympathetic-pupil constriction, lens shape
CN IV: Trochlear
Type: Motor
Function: Down and inward movement of eye
CN V: Trigeminal
Type: Mixed
Function: Motor-Muscle mastication, Sensory-Sensation of face and scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose
CN VI: Abducens
Type: Motor
Function: Lateral movement of eye
CN VII: Facial
Type: Mixed
Function: Motor-Facial muscles, close eyes, labial speech, close mouth. Sensory-Taste on anterior two thirds of tongue. Parasympathetic-saliva and tear secretion
CN VIII: Acoustic
Type: Sensory
Function: Hearing and equilibrium
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
Type: Mixed
Function: Motor-Pharynx (phonation and swallowing).
Sensory-taste on posterior one third of tongue, pharynx (gag reflex). Parasympathetic-parotid gland, carotid reflex.
CN X: Vagus
Type: Mixed
Function: Motor-Pharynx and larynx (talking & swallowing). Sensory-General sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera. Parasympathetic-Carotid reflex
CN XI: Spinal
Type: Motor
Function: Movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscles
CN XII: Hypoglossal
Type: Motor
Function: Movement of tongue
Dermal segmentation
is the cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves
Dermatome
is a circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from on spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve
Somatic fibers
innervate the skeletal (voluntary) muscles
Autonomic fibers
innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
Autonomic nervous system
mediates unconscious activity
aging process
causes general atrophy with a steady loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
decrease
Aging has a progressive _____ in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption.