Accommodation
adaptation of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens
Arcus senilis
gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging
Blepharitis
inflammation of the glands and eyelash follicles along the margin of the eyelids
Cataract
opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision
Conjunctivitis
infection of the conjunctiva "pink-eye
Diplopia
double vision
Ectropion
lower eyelid loose and rolling outward
Entropion
lower eyelid rolling inward
Exophthalmus
protruding eyeballs
Glaucoma
a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure
Hordeolum
(stye) red, painful pustule that is a localized infection of hair follicle at eyelid margin
Nystagmus
involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
Myopia
nearsighted", refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision
OD
Oculus dexter or right eye
OS
Oculus sinister or left eye
Presbyopia
decrease in power of accommodation that occurs with aging
Ptosis
drooping of upper eyelid over the iris and possible covering pupil
Red reflex
red glow that appears to fill the person's pupil when first visualized through the ophthalmoscope
Strabismus
(squint, crossed eye) disparity of the eye axes
external anatomy of eye
-protected by bony orbital cavity
-eyelids further protect the eye from injury, strong light, and dust.
-Eyelashes curve outward from the lid margin to filter out dust and dirt.
-canthus is the corner of the eye, where the lids meet.
-The caruncle (a smal
Cranial nerve VI - abducens
innervates the lateral rectus muscle (abducts eye)
Cranial nerve IV - trochlear nerve
innervates the superior oblique muscle
Cranial nerve III - oculomotor nerve
innervates all the rest--the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and inferior oblique muscles
cornea reflex
this is very sensitive to touch. contact with a wisp of cotton stimulates a blink in both eyes.
Pupil
This is round and regular. Size is determined by parasympathetic and sympathetic chains of the ANS. Stimulation of PS through cranial nerve III causes______ to constrict. Stimulation of Sym. dilates the _______ and elevates the eyelid
What are the retinal structures viewed through the ophthalmoscope?
the optic disc, the retinal vessels, the general background, and the macula
What is the Pupillary Light Reflex?
the normal constriction of the pupils when bright light shines on the retina
How does the Pupillary Light Reflex work?
It is a subcortical reflex arc (i.e. the person has no control over it). The sensory afferent link is cranial nerve II (optic) and the motor efferent is cranial nerve III (oculomotor). The bright light in one eye causes a direct light reflex in that eye a
This stimulation of the normal eye produces both a direct and consensual light reflex but stimulation of the _______eye causes no response because the sensory afferent in cranial nerve II is destroyed.
What is testing the Pupillary Light Reflex of a blind person
This is the adaptation of the eye for near vision. It is accomplished by increasing the curvature of the lens through movement of ciliary muscles. Lens cannot be observed directly--Are looking for convergence of the axes of the eyeballs and pupillary cons
What is accommodation
The most commonly used and accurate measure of visual acuity. Consists of letters arranged in decreasing size
What is the Snellen Eye Chart
Process of testing visual acuity
Patient stands 20 feet from chart and covers eyes one at a time. Patient reads the smallest line they can. If they wear glasses or contacts allow them to continue wearing them. Result is recorded using a numeric fraction at the end of the last successful
What does 20/20 mean
20/20 is the fraction result of a visual acuity test using the Snellen chart. The 20 on top is the feet from the chart. The bottom number means the distance at which a normal eye could have read that particular line. 20/30 is 20 ft from chart reading what
What is the corneal light reflex
this tests the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shinning light toward the person's eyes. Looking at the reflection of light on the corneas; it should be in exactly the same spot on each eye
Confrontation test
is used to test visual fields (peripheral vision) You position yourself at eye level about 2 feet away. Have the patient cover one eye with an opaque card. And look straight at you with the other eye. Hold a pencil or your finger as a target midline betwe
Near Vision Test
patient holds card 14 inches from the eye and reads the chart - with glasses on. This test is for patients with poor eye sight. Test results should read "14/14" (Jaeger card is used)
Cover Test
a test that detects a small degree of deviated alignment by interrupting the fusion reflex that normally keeps the two eyes parallel. ask the person to stare straight ahead at your nose, place a card in front of one eye and note the uncovered eye. A norma
accommodation test
- looking for pupil reaction
-client looks at object across the room (pupil should dialate)
-client shifts focus to close object (pupil should constrict)
*normal response is 1)pupillary constriction. 2) convergence of the axes of the eyes