Culture
Integrated system of learned behavior patterns that characteristic of the members of a group or society. The learned, shared, and enduring orientation patterns in a society. People demonstrate their culture through values, ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and
Cross-Cultureal Risk
A situation or event in which a cultural misunderstanding puts some human value at stake.
Four Risk in international business
Cross-Cultural Risk, Country Risk, Commercial Risk, and currency risks (financial).
Ethnocentric orientation
Using our own cultures as the standard for judging other cultures.
Polycentric orientation
A host-country mindset in which the manager develops a strong affinity with the country which she or he conducts business.
Geocentric Orientation
a global mindset in which the manager is able to understand a business or market without regard to country boundaries.
Socialization
The process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns appropriate to one;s given society.
Acculturation
the process of adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one's own.
Cultural Makeup that is visible (HIGH CULTURE)
Fine arts, drama, literature, classical music
Cultural Makeup we are aware of (Folk Culture)
Humor, religion, etiquette, folk dancing, popular music, cooking, rites of passage, diet, courtship practice, dress.
Cultural Makeup we are unaware of (Deep Culture)
gender roles, greeting rituals, superior- subordinate relationships, family relationships, conversational patterns, nonverbal communications, beliefs on Right vs. Wrong, concepts of beauty, attitudes on Cooperation vs. Competition, Decision-making pattern
National Culture
Nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, social institutions, social class , education system.
Professional Culture (Corporate Culture)
Academe, business, banking, engineering, computer programming, legal ,medical, military.
Low Context Culture
A culture that relies on elaborate verbal explanations, putting much emphasis on spoken words.
High Context Culture
A culture that emphasizes nonverbal messages and views communication as a means to promote smooth, harmonious relationships.
High Context Culture Countries
Chinese, Korean , Japanese, Vietnamese
Low Context Cultures
German, Swiss, Scandinavian, North American
Individualism versus collectivism
Describes whether a person functions primarily as an individual or as part of a group.
Power distance
Describes how a society deals with the inequalities in power that exist among people.
Uncertainty avoidance
The extent to which people can tolerate risk and uncertainty in their lives
Masculinity Vs. Femininity
Refers to the society's orientation based on traditional male and female values. masculine cultures tend to value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulation of wealth. Feminine cultures emphasize nurturing roles, interdependence among
Long term Vs. Short term orientation
refers to the degree to which people and organizations defer gratification to achieve long-term success.
Cultural Metaphor
A distinctive tradition or institution strongly associated with a particular society.
Idiom
An Expression whose symbolic meaning is different from its literal meaning.
Polychronic
A flexible, non-linear, orientation of time, whereby the individual takes a long-term perspective and emphasizes human relationships.
monochronic
a rigid orientation to time, in which individuals are focused on schedules, punctuality, and time as a resource
basic characteristics of Culture
learned, shared, intra-generational (same Generation), inter-generational (parent->child), multidimensional, adaptive/changing, conservative
Edward Hall: types of Culture
High Context v low Context (communication), Monochromic v Polychronic (time)
Cultural Dimensions proposed by Geert Hofstede
Individualism v Collectivism
Power distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculine v Feminine
Time Orientation
Cultural Elements
beliefs, values, attitudes, customs, language, material production, symbolic production, social structure, Relationship v Deal, Perception of time and space
Layers of Culture
National culture, Professional Culture, Corporate Culture
Cultural orientations
ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric
cross-cultural proficiency is characterized by four key personality traits:
tolerance for ambiguity
perceptiveness
valuing personal relationships
flexibility and adaptability
cultural intelligence
is a person's capacity to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity
self-reference criterion
the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of our culture
critical incident analysis
useful technology that managers use to analyze awkward situations in cross-cultural encounters
Culture
Integrated system of learned behavior patterns that characteristic of the members of a group or society. The learned, shared, and enduring orientation patterns in a society. People demonstrate their culture through values, ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and
Cross-Cultureal Risk
A situation or event in which a cultural misunderstanding puts some human value at stake.
Four Risk in international business
Cross-Cultural Risk, Country Risk, Commercial Risk, and currency risks (financial).
Ethnocentric orientation
Using our own cultures as the standard for judging other cultures.
Polycentric orientation
A host-country mindset in which the manager develops a strong affinity with the country which she or he conducts business.
Geocentric Orientation
a global mindset in which the manager is able to understand a business or market without regard to country boundaries.
Socialization
The process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns appropriate to one;s given society.
Acculturation
the process of adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one's own.
Cultural Makeup that is visible (HIGH CULTURE)
Fine arts, drama, literature, classical music
Cultural Makeup we are aware of (Folk Culture)
Humor, religion, etiquette, folk dancing, popular music, cooking, rites of passage, diet, courtship practice, dress.
Cultural Makeup we are unaware of (Deep Culture)
gender roles, greeting rituals, superior- subordinate relationships, family relationships, conversational patterns, nonverbal communications, beliefs on Right vs. Wrong, concepts of beauty, attitudes on Cooperation vs. Competition, Decision-making pattern
National Culture
Nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, social institutions, social class , education system.
Professional Culture (Corporate Culture)
Academe, business, banking, engineering, computer programming, legal ,medical, military.
Low Context Culture
A culture that relies on elaborate verbal explanations, putting much emphasis on spoken words.
High Context Culture
A culture that emphasizes nonverbal messages and views communication as a means to promote smooth, harmonious relationships.
High Context Culture Countries
Chinese, Korean , Japanese, Vietnamese
Low Context Cultures
German, Swiss, Scandinavian, North American
Individualism versus collectivism
Describes whether a person functions primarily as an individual or as part of a group.
Power distance
Describes how a society deals with the inequalities in power that exist among people.
Uncertainty avoidance
The extent to which people can tolerate risk and uncertainty in their lives
Masculinity Vs. Femininity
Refers to the society's orientation based on traditional male and female values. masculine cultures tend to value competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulation of wealth. Feminine cultures emphasize nurturing roles, interdependence among
Long term Vs. Short term orientation
refers to the degree to which people and organizations defer gratification to achieve long-term success.
Cultural Metaphor
A distinctive tradition or institution strongly associated with a particular society.
Idiom
An Expression whose symbolic meaning is different from its literal meaning.
Polychronic
A flexible, non-linear, orientation of time, whereby the individual takes a long-term perspective and emphasizes human relationships.
monochronic
a rigid orientation to time, in which individuals are focused on schedules, punctuality, and time as a resource
basic characteristics of Culture
learned, shared, intra-generational (same Generation), inter-generational (parent->child), multidimensional, adaptive/changing, conservative
Edward Hall: types of Culture
High Context v low Context (communication), Monochromic v Polychronic (time)
Cultural Dimensions proposed by Geert Hofstede
Individualism v Collectivism
Power distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Masculine v Feminine
Time Orientation
Cultural Elements
beliefs, values, attitudes, customs, language, material production, symbolic production, social structure, Relationship v Deal, Perception of time and space
Layers of Culture
National culture, Professional Culture, Corporate Culture
Cultural orientations
ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric
cross-cultural proficiency is characterized by four key personality traits:
tolerance for ambiguity
perceptiveness
valuing personal relationships
flexibility and adaptability
cultural intelligence
is a person's capacity to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity
self-reference criterion
the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of our culture
critical incident analysis
useful technology that managers use to analyze awkward situations in cross-cultural encounters