Network+ Study Set

Layer 7

Application

Layer 6

Presentation

Layer 5

Session

Layer 4

Transportation

Layer 3

Network

Layer 2

Data Link

Layer 1

Physical

CAT 3:
Frequency-
Bandwidth-

16 MHz
16 Mbps

CAT 5:
Frequency-
Bandwidth-

100 MHz
100 Mbps

CAT 6:
Frequency-
Bandwidth-
Length-

250 MHz
10,000 Mbps
55 M

CAT 5e:
Frequency-
Bandwidth-

100 MHz
1,000 Mbps

CAT 6a:
Frequency-
Bandwidth-
Length-

500 MHz
10,000 Mbps
100 M

62.5/125um

the most common fiber-optic cable size (micro).

ST Connector ~

SC Connector ~

LC Connector ~

FC Connector ~

Thicknet:
Cable-
Connector-
Length-

A 10Base5 network
Vampire taps for bus network connections
500 meters.

Thinnet:

A 10Base2 network that was the last true bus Ethernet standard that used T connectors with BNC connectors over RG-58 coaxial cable, limited to 185 meters.

TIA/EIA 568A:

G/, G, O/, B, B/, O, R/, R

TIA/EIA 568B:

O/, O, G/, B, B/, G, R/, R

10BaseT Limitations:
Speed-
Signal Type-
Distance-
Node Limit-
Cable Type-

10 Mbps
Baseband
100 meters
1024 nodes per hub
CAT 3 or better.

10BaseFL Limitations:
Speed-
Signal Type-
Distance-
Node Limit-
Cable Type-

10 Mbps
Baseband
2000 meters
1024 nodes per hub
Multimode fiber-optic

RSTP / 802.1w (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol):

A protocol from 2001 to replace STP to offer convergence tie of around 6 seconds.

100BaseT4:
Cable-
Speed-

CAT 3
100 Mbps

100BaseTX (100BaseT):
Cable Type-
Signal Type-
Distance-
Node Limit-

CAT 5
Baseband
100 meters
1024 nodes

100BaseFX:
Cable Type-
Signal Type-
Distance-
Node limit-
Connector-

Multimode fiber-optic
Baseband
2 km
1024 nodes
ST or SC connectors

802.3ab

1000BaseT

802.3z

1000BaseX, (CX, SX, and LX)

1000BaseCX:
Cable Type-
Length-
Connector-
Shielding-

Twinaxial (Twinax) copper
25 meters
Twinax
150-Ohm

1000BaseSX:
Cable Type-
Length-
Connector-
Wavelength-

multimode fiber-optic
220-500 meters
Usually LC
850-nm LED

1000BaseLX:
Cable Type-
Length-
Connector-
Wavelength-

single-mode fiber-optic
5 km (70 km with repeaters)
Usually LC and SC
1300-nm Laser

1000BaseT:
Cable Type-
Length-

CAT 5e/6 UTP
100 meters

MJ-RT Connector

A fiber-optic connector designed to be small and pretty popular with Cisco equipment/networks.

PC (Physical Contact) Connector:

A highly polished and slightly spherical fiber-optic connector that makes the fiber touch to reduce signal loss at the connection point.

Flat-surface Connector:

A fiber-optic connector that leaves a little gap between the connection points due to imperfections in the glass, resulting in some signal loss.

Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) Connector:

Fiber-optic connectors extensively polished for a superior finish for greater reduction in signal loss.

Angled Physical Contact (APC) Connector:

Fiber-optic connectors that add an 8-degree angle to the curved end, lowering signal loss to an all-time low. They also do not degrade from multiple insertions.

High-Speed Ethernet:

10/40/100 Gigabit Ethernet.

Fast Speed Ethernet:

100 Mbps Ethernet.

SONET

10 Gbps fiber-optic network used for WAN transmissions.

10GBaseSR:
Cable Type-
Wavelength-
Physical Layer Signaling-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

Multimode Fiber
850 nm
LAN
26-300 meters
Undefined

10GBaseSW:
Cable Type-
Wavelength-
Physical Layer Signaling-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

Multimode Fiber
850 nm
SONET/WAN
26-300
Undefined

10GBaseLR:
Cable Type-
Wavelength-
Physical Layer Signaling-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

Single-Mode Fiber
1310 nm
LAN
10 km
Usually LC

10GBaseLW:
Cable Type-
Wavelength-
Physical Layer Signaling-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

Single-Mode Fiber
1310 nm
SONET/WAN
10 km
Usually LC

10GBaseER:
Cable Type-
Wavelength-
Physical Layer Signaling-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

Single-Mode Fiber
1550 nm
LAN
40 km
Usually LC or SC

10GBaseEW:
Fiber Type-
Wavelength-
Physical Layer Signaling-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

Single-Mode Fiber
1550 nm
SONET/WAN
40 km
Usually LC and SC

10GBaseT:
Cable Type-
Maximum Signal Length-
Connector-

CAT 6/6a UTP
55 / 100 m
RJ-45

Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP):

Protocol that controls how multiple network devices send and receive data as a single connection.

IPX/SPX:

A old Novell Net-Ware protocol suite.

NetBIOS/NetBEUI:

A old Microsoft protocol suite.

AppleTalk:

A old Apple protocol suite.

Microsoft IPX/SPX Protocol / NWLINK:

A protocol suite used to connect Windows client to a NetWare server.

TCP Model Layers:

Application
Transport
Internet
Link

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):

Applications that test basic issues with IP addressing that usually run automatically in the background. The most notorious of these is the ping utility.

Universal MAC Address for Broadcast:

FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP):

How a TCP/IP network figures out the MAC address based on the destination IP address.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP):

Protocol used to get an IP address when the MAC address is known.

Class A IPv4

1-126

Class B

128-191

Class C

192-223

Class D

224-239 for Multicasting

Class E

240-254 as Experimental

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR):

The new method of generating blocks of IP addresses based on subnetting.

Bootstap Protocol (BOOTP):

An older and extinct version of DHCP.

DHCP using UDP ports:

67 and 68

169.254.0.0/16 Network ID

An APIPA address assigned by the DHCP client when the DHCP server is not reachable.

Dynamic/Pooled NAT (DNAT):

NAT that uses a pool of routable IP addresses that number fewer than the computers sharing them. That way when a computer requests information beyond the network, the NAT doles out a routable IP address form its pool for that communication.

Static NAT (SNAT):

Maps a single routable (not private) IP address to a single machine, enabling you to access that machine from outside the network, and keeping track of the IP address or addresses and applies them permanently on a one-to-one basis with computers on the ne

Port Address Translation (PAT):

The most common form of NAT that handles one-to-many connections, using port numbers to map traffic from specific machines in the network.

Shortest Path Bridging (SPB):

A Metric standard used to provide true shortest-path forwarding within an Ethernet mesh topology with multiple equal-cost paths. Standardized by the IEEE 802.1aq Committee.

Distance Vector:

Routing protocols to calculate the total cost to get to a particular network ID and compare that cost to the total cost of all the other routes to get the same network ID (regularly transferring entire routing tables to other routers in the WAN).

Routing Information Protocol (RIPv1):

(1980s) A distance vector protocol with a maximum hop count of 15, sending updates every 30 seconds, but no VLSM support.

Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM):

Network connected routers using different subnet masks.

RIPv2:

(1994) A distance vector protocol with VLSM and authentication built in, but convergence is no faster.

Autonomous System (AS):

One or more networks that are governed by a single dynamic routing protocol, using ASN, EGP, IGP, and BGP.

Autonomous System Number (ASN):

Used by AS instead of IP addresses as a special globally unique identifier, assigned by IANA, 32 bits as two 16 bits separated by a dot.

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP):

Protocol used by AS to communicate with each other.

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs):

Protocols used by networks within an AS to communicate.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4):

One protocol for communicating between each AS, connecting all AS. It is a hybrid routing or path vector routing protocol.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF):

The most commonly used IGP, designed to work within an AS, and converges much faster and efficiently than RIP. Its hop cost is based on the speed of the link (100 mil / Badwidth in bps) and supports authentication and shortest-path-first.

Link State Advertisements (LSAs):

Also called "Hello Packets", they are send when first launched from OSPF-capable routers looking for other OSPF routers.

Areae Border Routers (ABRs):

The special routers that function as the backbone, interconnecting areas.

OSPF Version 2:

An OSPF version that is used for IPv4 networks.

OSPF Version 3:

An OSPF version that is used for IPv6 networks.

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS):

A link state dynamic routing protocol developed at the same time as OSPF and can handle IPv6 from the start. It is the standard fro ISPs

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP):

A Cysco proprietary hybrid dynamic routing protocol that replaced IGRP that was called an advanced distance vector protocol.

RIPv1:
Type-
IPG or BGP-
Notes-

Distance Vector
IGP
Old, only used variable subnets within an AS

RIPv2:
Type-
IPG or BGP-
Notes-

Distance Vector
IGP
Supports VLSM and Discontiguous subnets.

BGP-4:
Type-
IPG or BGP-
Notes-

Distance Vector
BGP
Used on the Internet, connects AS.

OSPF:
Type-
IPG or BGP-
Notes-

Link State
IGP
Fast, popular, uses Area IDs

IS-IS:
Type-
IPG or BGP-
Notes-

Link State
IGP
Alternative to OSPF

EIGRP:
Type-
IPG or BGP-
Notes-

Hybrid
IGP
Cisco proprietary

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP):

A UDP protocol that clients use port 67 and servers use port 68.

Network Time Protocol (NTP):

A UDP protocol using port 123 that synchronizes the clocks of devices on a network

Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP):

A light UDP protocol using port 123 that synchronizes the clocks of devices on a network.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

A UDP protocol using port 69 that enables file transfer from one machine to another, usually on the same LAN.

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP):

A protocol that enables routers to communicate with hosts to determine a group membership for multicasting purposes (224.0.0.0/4 network ID).

Well-known Port Numbers:

Ports ranging from 0-1023 that are reserved for specific ICP/IP applications.

Old Ephemeral Port Numbers:

Ports ranging from 1024-5000 that were once only used for Internet purposes, but are not recommended now.

Dynamic/Private Port Numbers:

Ports ranging from 49152-65535 that are recommended as ephemeral ports today.

Registered Ports:

Ports ranging from 1024-49151 that are used for less-common TCP/IP applications that are registered with the IANA.

netstat -n >

A command to display addresses and port number in numerical form.

netstat -a >

A command to display all connections and listening ports.

netstat -o >

A command to display the owning process ID associated with each connection.

netstat -b >

A command to display the executable involved in creating each connection or listening port.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP):

A TCP protocol using port 119 that is barely used today for USENET applications.

Internet Information Services (IIS):

Microsoft server software that enables you to set maximum connection limits on your Web server based on available bandwidth and memory. (20 connection max on Windows client versions

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL):

A protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents over the Internet, using a public key to encrypt communication.

Telnet:

A TCP protocol using port 23 that is used for remote connections with another computer, unfortunately without encryption.

Secure Shell (SSH):

A TCP protocol using port 22 used for terminal emulation programs that looks exactly like Telnet, but encrypts the data and the authentication.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

A TCP protocol using port 25 used to send e-mail by clients.

Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3):

An old TCP protocol using port 110 used to receive e-mail from SMTP servers.

Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4):

A TCP protocol using port 143 used to retrieve e-mails from an e-mail server, supporting keyword searches, selected message downloads, and folder sorting.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

A TCP protocol that uses ports 20 and/or 21 depending if it is active or passive. It is used for transferring files over the Internet on either anonymous sites or secured sites, without encryption by default.

Port 80

HTTP, TCP, The Web

Port 443

HTTPS, TCP, The Web securely

Port 23

Telnet, TCP, Terminal emulation

Port 22

SSH, TCP, Secure terminal emulation

Port 25

SMTP, TCP, Sending e-mail

Port 110

POP3, TCP, E-mail delivery

Port 143

IMAP4, TCP, E-mail delivery

Port 20/21

FTP Active, TCP, File transfer

Port 21

FTP Passive, TCP, File transfer

Port 69

TFTP, UDP, File transfer

Port 119

NNTP, TCP, USENET applications

Port 67

DHCP Client, UDP

Port 68

DHCP Server, UDP

Port 123

NTP/SNTP, UDP, Clock synchronizing

Ports 0-1023

Well-known ports

Ports 1024-5000

Old Ephemeral Ports

Ports 49152-65535

Dynamic/Private Port Numbers

Ports 1024-49151

Registered Ports

Port 445:

SMB, TCP, Supports sharing and the access process using NetBIOS names.

Host File Location
-Windows
-Linux

\Windows\System32\Drivers\Etc
\etc

Port 53:

DNS, UDP (sometimes TCP)