upload
the process of copying files from a smaller peripheral device to a large central system
download
the process of receiving data from a central server to a user's computer; copying of data from a main source to a computer
router
a device that analyzes the contents of data packets transmitted within a network or to another network; determine whether the source and destinations are on the same network or whether data must be transferred from one network type to another, which requi
modem
a network device that both modulates and demodulates analog carrier signals (sine waves) for encoding and decoding digital information for processing; accomplish both of these tasks simultaneously
host
a type of Web server that stores, serves and manages websites and/or Web-based applications and services; a remote server that provides the collective hardware, software, storage and networking capabilities for hosting websites
client
the receiving end of a service or the requestor of a service in a client/server model type of system; most often located on another system or computer, which can be accessed via a network
nodes
a point of intersection/connection within a network
server
a computer, a device or a program that is dedicated to managing network resources; are often referred to as dedicated because they carry out hardly any other tasks apart from their server tasks
network interface card (NIC)
a computer hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network; may be used for both wired and wireless connections
Network Topology
the physical or logical layout of a network; defines the way different nodes are placed and interconnected with each other; may describe how the data is transferred between these nodes
Bus topology
all the devices/nodes are connected sequentially to the same backbone or transmission line. This is a simple, low-cost topolgy, but its single point of failure presents a risk
Star topology
all the nodes in the network are connected to a central device like a hub or switch via cables. Failure of individuals nodes or cables does not necessarily create downtime in the network but the failure of a central device can. This topology is the most p
Ring Topology
all network devices are connected sequentially to a backbone as in bus topology except that the backbone ends at the starting node, forming a ring; shares many of bus topology's disadvantages so its use is limited to networks that demand high throughput
Tree Topology
A root node is connected to two or more sub-level nodes, which themselves are connected hierarchically to sub-level nodes. Physically is similar to bus and star topologies. The network backbone may have a bus topology, which the low-level nodes connect us
Mesh topology
the topology in each node is directly connected to some or all the other nodes present in the network. This redundancy makes the network highly fault tolerant but the escalated costs may limit this topology to highly critical networks
Protocol
an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices; determines the following:
- the type of error checking to be used
- data compression method
- how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message
- how the receiving
LAN (Local Area Network)
a computer network within a small geographical area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, office building or group of buildings; composed of inter-connected workstations and personal computers which are each capable of accessing and sharing data an
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
similar to LAN but spans an entire city or campus; formed by connecting multiple LANs; are extremely efficient and provide fast communication via high-speed carriers, such as fiber optic cables
WAN (Wide Area Network)
a network that exists over a larger-scale geographical area; connects different smaller networks, including LANs and MANs; ensures that computers and users in one location can communicate with computers and users in other locations
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
a client/server protocol used for transferring files to or exchanging files with a host computer; may be authenticated with usernames and passwords
packets
a container or box that carries data over a TCP/IP network and internetworks; is the most fundamental logical arbitration of data that is passed over a network; represents the smallest amount of data that can tranverse over a network at a single time
Packet Switching
a digital network transmission process in which data is broken into suitable-sized pieces or blocks for fast and efficient transfer via different network devices
Circuit Switching
a type of communication in which a dedicated channel is established for the duration of a transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
the transmission of data in which each character is a self-contained unit with its own start and stop bits and an uneven interval between them; start/stop transmission
Synchronous Transmission
a data transfer method which is characterized by a continuous stream of data in the form of signals which are accompanied by regular timing signals which are generated by some external clocking mechanism meant to ensure that both the sender and receiver a
bps (bits per second)
a measure used to show the average rate at which data is transferred between a computer and a data transmission system
bandwidth
the bit-rate measure of the transmission capacity over a network communication system; the carrying capacity of a channel or the data transfer speed of that channel; the capacity of a network; exists in physical or wireless communication networks
latency
a networking term to describe the total time it takes a data packet to travel from one node to another; is the total time for the round trip when a data packet is transmitted and returned back to its source,
peer-to-peer network (P2P Network)
a group of computers, each of which acts as a node for sharing files within the group; each computer acts as the server for the files stored upon it; When a P2P network is established over the Internet, a central server can be used to index files, or a di
client-server network
a distributed communication framework of network processes among service requestors, clients and service providers; is established through a network or the Internet; a core network computing concept building functionality for email exchange and Web/databa
wireless networks
computer networks that are not connected by cables of any kind; enables enterprises to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into buildings or as a connection between different equipment locations
bluetooth
an open wireless technology standard for transmitting fixed and mobile electronic device data over short distances; communicates with a variety of electronic devices and creates personal networks operating within the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band
hotspot
a specific location that provides Internet access via a wireless local area network; synonymous with a Wi-Fi connection
Internet
a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media; a network of global exchanges connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies
WWW (World Wide Web)
a network of online content that is formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP; all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over the Internet
Dynamic IP Address
a temporary IP address that is assigned to a computing device or node when it's connected toa network; an automatically configured IP address assigned by a DHCP server to every new network node
Static IP Address
a permanent number assigned to a computer by an Internet service provider (ISP); useful for gaming, website hosting or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services; advantages include speed and reliability; disadvantages include being vulnerable to data m
IPv6
an IP used for carrying data in packets from a source to destination over various networks; the enhanced version of IPv4
IPv4
a widely used protocol in data communication over different kinds of networks; a connectionless protocol used in packet switched layer networks, such as Ethernet; provides the logical connection between network devices by providing identification for each
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
is the language a computer uses to access the Internet; consists of a suite of protocols designed to establish a network of networks to provide a host with access to the Internet; is responsible for full-fledged data connectivity and transmitting the data
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
the authoring language used to create documents on the World Wide Web; defines the structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety of tags and attributes
HTTP (Hypertex Transfer Protocol)
an application-layer protocol used primarily on the World Wide Web; uses a client-server model where the web browser is the client and communicates with the webserver that hosts the website; the browser uses this, which is carried over TCP/IP to communica
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
a global association and organization of professionals working toward the development, implementation and maintenance of technology-centered products and services; works solely toward innovating, educating and standardizing the electrical and electronic d
Cookies
a text file that a Web browser stores on a user's machine; are a way for Web applications to maintain application state; are used by websites for authentication, storing website information/preferences, other browsing information and anything else that ca
broadband
a high-data-rate connection to the Internet
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
a technology that transports high-bandwidth data over a simple telephone line that is directly connected to a modem; allows for file-sharing, and the transmission of pictures and graphics, multimedia data, audio and video conferencing and much more; uses
Cable
transmits digital data over existing cable television lines; can be internal or external
Browser
an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web; a client program that uses HTTP to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user
Search engine
is a service that allows Internet users to search for content via the World Wide Web; a user enters keywords or key phrases into a search engine and receives a list of Web content results in the form of websites, images, videos or other online data
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
is a standard protocol for accessing email on a remote server from a local client; an application layer Internet Protocol using the underlying transport layer protocols to establish host-to-host communication services for applications. This also the use o
VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)
a technology used for delivering different kinds of data from a source to a destination using IP; most often used for telephone calls
DNS (Domain Name System)
a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database; transforms domain names to IP addresses and makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet resources and users, regardless of the entities' physical location
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
is the standard protocol for email services on a TCP/IP network; provides the ability to send and receive email messages; an application-layer protocol that enables the transmission and delivery of email over the Internet
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
is an open standards organization that deals with Internet standards and cooperates with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards; deals with TCP/IP standards and the IP suite
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
a standard protocol used for the secure transmission of documents over a network; creates a secure link between a Web server and browser to ensure private and integral data transmission; uses TCP for communication
TSL (Transport Layer Security)
a protocol that provides communication security between client/server applications that communicate with each other over the Internet; enables privacy, integrity and protection for the data that's transmitted between different nodes on the Internet; a suc
web crawlers (or spiders)
an Internet bot which helps in Web indexing; crawl one page at a time through a website until all pages have been indexed; help in collecting information about a website and the links related to them, and also help in validating the HTML code and hyperlin
meta tag
an element that provides information about the metadata of an HTML document
mashup
a technique by which a website or Web application uses data, presentation or functionality from two or more sources to create a new service; are made via Web services or public APIs that allow free access
cybersecurity
the technologies and processes designed to protect computers, networks and data from unauthorized access, vulnerability and attacks delivered via the Internet by cyber criminals
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
a company that provides customers with Internet access; may be transmitted using several technologies, including dial up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high speed interconnects
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
the unique address for a file that is accessible on the Internet
...
Define the term network and list three advantages provided by networks
...
Compare and contrast peer-to-peer networks with client-server.
Ring: if one network is down, you can't set up anything
Star: If the source is down, then no information can be passed
Mesh: difficult to set up and expensive to maintain
Bus:
Give an advantage or disadvantage of each configuration
data recompiles into the original message
Describe the process followed by packet switching in transferring data
router, wire-based connections, NIC
List the necessary components of a wireless network.
1. Always back up computer
2. Anti-virus software
3. firewall
List and briefly describe 3 cyber security tips
Floods your network so you are unable to access your network
What is meant by Distributed Denial-of Service Attack?
a program that visits Web sites and reads their pages and other information in order to create entries for a search engine index
As it relates to the Internet and WWW, what is a Web Crawler or Web spider?
data that describes other data; summarizes basic information about data, which can make finding and working with particular instances of data easier
What is metadata?
a special HTML tag that provides information about a Web page; do not affect how the page is displayed; provide information such as who created the page, how often it is updated, what the page is about, and which keywords represent the page's content
What is a meta tag?
By stamping the document
How can one "forge metadata"? (BTB)
Steganography: the art of sending secret messages in imperceptible ways; arouses no suspicion
Cryptography: the art of sending messages that are indecipherable
What is steganography? How does it differ from cryptography? (BTB)
it is still retriveable
What happens to the data in deleted files (files you delete by clicking on the delete key)? (BTB)
1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching technology
1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET
1982: TCP and IP
Give a brief outline of the history of the Internet by listing the main developments and the dates of those developments (5 events is sufficient)
Adv: money
Dis: Loss of service during outages
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of VOIP
...
Give a brief explanation of the hierarchy of domain name syntax
...
What is the Internet Society and what are its responsibilities?
...
Provide two endings to this sentence. The Internet is for everyone but it won't be if...
organization that regulates the Internet
What is W3 Consortium and its responsibilities?
...
Name three browsers. Give some comparison of the three
...
Name three search engines. Give some comparison of the three
47.16.84.90
00101111 00010000 01010100 1011010
What is the 32-bit binary representation of this IP address: 47.16.84.90
...
Who owns the Internet?
...
Explain the meaning of the following statement in your own works: "The trust model of the Internet involves trade-offs
...
(BTB) How did the early Internet engineers allow for messages of unlimited size and ensure that the capacity of the Internet would be only limited by the amount of data traffic, rather than by the number of interconnected computers? Briefly explain your a
...
(BTB) What is meant by the Core and Edge when referring to the Internet?
...
(BTB) Explain the statement: "There are no single points of failure" when referring to the Internet