Plants (embryophytes) are part of what supergroup?
Archaeplastida supergroup along with the Red Algae and Green Algae (paraphyletic)
Plants are also called what?
Embryophytes
Charaphyta (green algae) in the Archaeplastida supergroup is what?
Paraphyletic.
The main Synapomorphy in the Archaeplastida supergroup is that...
Their cells contain Primary Photosynthetic Plastids.
The Synapomorphy 'primary photosynthetic plastids' of Archaeplastida arose when...
Their MRCA acquired a primary photosynthetic plastid via endosymbiosis.
What does the word Viridiplantae mean?
Green Plants
What are Viridiplanta?
Chlorophytes, Charophytes, Land Plants
What is the Synapomorphy of Viridiplantae?
Chlorophyll a and b and beta-carotene photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic plastids
What does the word "Streptophytes" mean?
Twisted plants.
What are Streptophytes?
Charophytes and land plants
What is the Synapomorphy of Streptophytes?
Cell walls made of cellulose and intercellular connection.
What does the word "Embryophytes" mean?
Embryo plants.
What are Embryophytes?
Land plants.
The first archaeplastida eukaryote was created by how?
The endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria of a eukaryotic cell.
Molecular analysis shows that what are the closest living relatives of Land Plants (EMbryophyta)?
Charophyte green algae.
Like plants, Charophyte green algae have what?
Cell walls made of cellulose and intercellular connection.
Like Green algae relatives, Embryophytes share a number of...
Synapomorphies that allowed them to survive on land.
What is a synapomorphy?
A novel feature that arose in the MRCA of the taxon and is present in most of the descendants.
How are plants different from their green algae relatives?
1) Multicellular EMBRYOS that are nourished by maternal plant and can give rise to TISSUES such as...
2. ...an OUTER LAYER OF TOUGH CELLS that prevented dehydration on land
3. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS (sporic life cycle): A life cycle which afforded gre
What is ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS known as?
Sporic life cycle
What is the Alternation of Generations
A life cycle which afforded greater adaptabilitiy to the environment on land
All plants have what kind of reproductive structures? (Alternation of Generations)
Asexual, spore-producing structures, AND sexual, gamete-producing structures.
Plants being able to switch between the 2 modes of reproduction did what? (Alternation of Generations)
Afforded plants GREATER ADAPTABILITY to the environment on land.
Fertilization of gametes do what? (Alternation of Generations)
Give rise to an EMBRYO that is nourished either by the MATERNAL PLANT (in seedless plants) or by nutrients stored in SEEDS (in seed plants)
What is an Embryo? (Alternation of Generations?
A mass of pre-differentiated cells which gives rise to a multicellular organism with several tissues that have unique functions.
In moss how does Alternation of Generations work?
The embryo forms on the gamete producing plant and give rise to spore-producing structures.
What are the 2 kinds of Land Plants?
Non-vascular Plants and Vascular Plants
What do Nonvascular plants consist of?
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
What are Vascular plants known as?
Tracheophytes
What 2 groups consist in Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes)
Seedless Vascular and Seed Plants
What is another name of Seed Plants?
Spermatophytes.
What consists of Seedless Vascular plants in the Vascular plants group?
Lycophytes and Pteridophytes (fern plants)
What are Pteridophytes?
Fern plants
What plants things are in Seed Plants of Vascular Plants?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Non Vascular plants are know as what?
Bryophytes (moss plants_
What is an example of Bryophytes?
Moss plants.
Non-Vascular plants: Bryophytes characteristics
-BASAL LINEAGES are thought to resemble the earliest terrestrial plants.
-NO TRUE ROOTS, STEMS or LEAVES
-NO VASCULATURE/vessels to transport water
-DO NOT PRODUCE SEEDS. Embryos are nourished by the plant itself.
What are Vascular Plants known as?
Tracheophytes
What does trachea mean (Tracheophytes)?
Artery
Vascular Plants: Tracheophyte synapomorphies that arose in their MRCA allowed them to better what?
Survive on land.
What are characteristics of the synapomorphies of Vascular plants Tracheophytes that arose in their MRCA that allowed them to better survive on land?
-WATER TRANSPORTING VESSELS AND TRUE ROOTS allowed them to better collect and transport water
-STEMS AND LEAVES allowed them to grow taller and collect more sunlight.
What are the 2 main groups of Tracheophytes? (Vascular Plants:Tracheophytes)
Seedless Vascular Plants and Seed Plants
Seedless vascular plants are...(Tracheophytes)
Paraphyletic
What is an example of Seedless Vascular Plants? (Vascular Plants:Tracheophytes)
Fern plants (pteridophytes)
What is another name for Seed Plants? (Vascular Plants:Tracheophytes)
Spermatophytes
What are the 2 examples of Seed Plants (Vascular Plants:Tracheophytes)
-Gymnosperms
-Angiosperms