Hepadnaviridae
Hepatitis B
DNA virus
Poxvirdae
Small pox, vaccinia, molluscum contagiosum
Herpesviridae
Herpes Simplex, Varicella-zoster, cytogeglovirus, Epstein-Barr
DNA virus
Paramyxoviridae
Measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial
RNA virus
Coronaviridae
Corona virus (SARS)
RNA virus
Rhabdoviridae
Rabies virus
RNA virus
Picornaviridae
Rhinovirus, Poliovirus, ECHO virus, Coxsackie
RNA virus
Togaviridae
Rubella virus, western and eastern equine encephalitis, Chikungunya
RNA virus
Flaviviridae
Dengue, Yellow fever, St. Louis Encephalitis
Fomite
Inanimate object is the vector
Endotoxin
Toxin from lipopolysacchiride layer of cell
Heat stable
Gram (-)
Enterotoxin
Toxin that affects intestines
Exotoxin
Toxin outside the cell from cell waste products
Heat labile
Cook your food
Hapten
Partial antigen or half antigen
Does not stimulate immune response (nothing happens)
Opsonin
Enhances phagocytosis (marks target for strike)
Prion
Acellular protein, which denatures proteins
Cannot be autoclaved
Toxoid
Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine (active artificial immunity)
IgA
Secretory antibody
Mucous membranes (salvia, tears, breast milk, gut, anus)
1st line of defense
IgE
Parasitic infections
Allergic reactions
Increases in Hodgkins
Wheezes, sneezes and weird ass diseases
Bind to basophil/eosinophil/mast cells to release histamine
IgG
Secondary Exposure
Most numerous
Without anmesia
Crosses placenta
IgM
First exposure
Largest and heaviest
Active form pentamer shape (10 binding sites)
Interleukin I
Lymphocyte activating factor
Made by macrophages
Brain and nervous tissue
Interleukin II
T cell growth factor
Made by CD4 cells
CD4 = T helper cells (Quarterback of immune system)
Interleukin III
Made by bone marrow
In blood and lymphatic system
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Hello my name is?" and "Am I OK"
Tissue graft & organ rejection
T cells recognize MHC - 1
B cells recognize MHC - 1 & 2
Complement
Opsonization (Enhances phagocytosis or cellular lysis)
Pathways (Ag-Ab) and alternate pathways meet at C3B
Membrane Attack Complex
C5b-C9
Foam macrophage cells
Unique type of macrophage that is laden with fat, LDL, and cholesterol
Natural active
Exposed to the disease -> Body reacts
(e.g. measles, chicken pox trigger antibody production)
Artificial active
Injection of attenuated organism
(e.g. tetanus toxoid = inactivated portion that triggers immune system to make antbodies)
Immediate antibody production
Not long term, need boosters
Natural passive
Acquired by a child through placenta and breast milk
In Utero = IgG (Gee Mom thanks)
Breastfeeding = IgA
Artificial passive
Injection of preformed antibodies
Not bound toxins
Inject actual antibodies
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic
Rapid 15-30 min
Asthma, allergy
IgE, mast cell, basophils, eosinophils (release histamine)
Type II hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic
Min to hours
Good Pasteur's (lung + kidney)
Erythroblastosis fetalis- Coombs anemia
Blood transfusion
Myasthenia gravis
Grave's disease, Hashimoto's
IgG involved
2 things (antigen + antibody)
Type III hypersensitivity
Immune complex mediated
3-10 hours
Lupus, RA (arthus reaction - local, serum - systemic)
3 things (antigen + antibody + complement)
Type IV hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity
48 hours
TB, contact dermatitis, poison ivy, poison oak
T cells, lymphocytes
ASO titer
Lab test for Strep Pyogenes, Rheumatic Fever
Catalase
Lab test to differentiate Staph vs strep?
Staph +
Strep -
Chocolate agar
Lab test:
Thayer Martin agar
Heated blood agar
Gonorrhea
Coagulase
Lab test:
Staph Aureus +
Other Staph -
Pathogenic and non pathogenic
Coliform
Lab test to test for E coli in water purification
Fecal contaminants in water
Coombs
Lab test RBC antigens, Hemolytic anemia, Erythroblastosis fetalis, Rh factor
Dick Test
Scarlet fever
Giemsa Stain
Lab test for Protozoa
HLA-B27
Lab test for: Seronegative arthritides
PEAR:
psoriatic,
enteropathic arthropathy
AS
Reiter's
CD4
Lab test for: AIDS
If 2 ELISA (+), do western blot, if western blot (+)
= AIDS and lyme disease
Mannitol Salt
Lab test for Staph
Paul Bunnel
Lab test for mononucleosis, downey cell
Sabouraud agar
Lab test for fungi
Weil Felix
Serology test
Positive for all Rickettsia except coxiella burnetii
(Q fever)
Tzank test
Herpes Zoster
Herpes Simplex, and Varicella
Darkfield
Lab test for Syphillis
Tuberculosis tests
Mantoux test/tine test = skin prick
PPD = purified protein derivative
Ziehl nielson staining - acid fast organisms
BCG - bacillus calmette guerin vaccine
X-ray
Mononucleosis
Downey cells, Paul Bunnel test
Don't let mono get you down?
Blood Agar
Its for strep and that is it!
Hektoen
Stain for differentiating Shigella vs. Salmonella
Viruses
Must be in live cultures?
Acid Fast
Stain for:
Mycobacterium
(TB/leprosy)
MacConkey agar
Stain for:
Lactase +/- for E coli
Mannitol Salt agar
Staph categorization (Staph Aureus)
Babes Ernest Granules
Inclusion bodies:
Diphtheria
Grey pseudomembrane in throat
Gohn complex
Inclusion bodies: TB
Gumma
Inclusion bodies: Tertiary syphilis
Koplik Spots
Inclusion bodies:
Rubeola (measles), red measles
White/bluish spot on buccal mucosa
Lewy bodies
Inclusion bodies: Parkinson's disease
Mallory bodies
Inclusion bodies:
Alcoholic induced hepatitis
Negri bodies
Inclusion bodies: Rabies (hydrophobia)
Blue/green
Puss color:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Red
Puss color:
Serratia marcenscens
White
Puss color:
Chlamydia
Yellow
Puss color:
Staph aureus
Yellow/green
Puss color:
Gonorrhea
Incidence
Number of new cases
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic
Prevalence
Number of total cases at a particular point in time
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Statistics, not research
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
NIH
National Institutes of Health
Research, not statistics
Formaldehyde
Fix gross specimen, storage of dead material
Penicillin
For gram positive
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Streptomycin
For gram negative
Inhibits protein synthesis
Sulfa
For gram negative
Competes with PABA
Tetracyline
For gram positive and negative
Inhibits protein synthesis
Saprophyte
Eats dead/decaying material
Parasite
Eats off a living organism
Facultative
Can survive with or without oxygen (Prefer)
(e.g. Bacillis)
Obligate
Only 1 environment, not the other (Have to)
- Obligate Aerobe Only O2
- Obligate Anaerobe Only w/o O2
(e.g. clostridium botulism, tetanus)
Symbiosis
Two populations living together for which
One or both benefit
Mutualism
Two populations living together for which
Both benefit
Synergism
Two populations living together for which
Both benefit and cannot accomplish what neither can do alone
Commensalism
Two populations living together for which
One benefits and the other is unaffected
Facultative aerobe/anaerobe
Does not require O2 but prefers one or the other
Gram Positive (BLCCSS)
Bacillus
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium
Corynebacterium diptheria
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Staph aureus diseases (STOIC)
Scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock
Osteomyelitis
Impetigo- #1 cause
Carbuncles
6 Strep Pyogenes (SERGIS)
Strep throat
Erysipelas
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis
Impetigo
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever
Can - Carditis
Scarlet - Syndenham's chorea
Suck - Subcutaneous nodule
Ed's - Erythema Marginatum
Penis - Migratory Polyarthritis
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Flat, long, ribbon like body with different segments
Scolex
Head of tapeworm
Body
Proglottids - egg generated segment
Taenia saginata
Tapeworm from uncooked beef
Taenia solium
Tapeworm from uncooked pork
Diphyllobothrium latum
Tapeworm from Sushi
Schistosoma japonicum
Trematodes (Flukes) flat ovoid bodies
Blood
Most common death be a helminth worldwide
Glomerulonophritis
nephritic syndrome, lose red blood cells and small amounts of protein in urine
Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid cysts
Tape worm
Dog
Trematodes (flukes)
Flat ovoid bodies
Paragoniimus Westermani
Trematodes (fluke)
Crayfish, mouth
Pulmonary lung
Enterobius vermicularis
Roundworm family: Pinworm
Anus-finger-mouth
Nocturnal anal itching
MC helminth in US
Scotch tape or "anal cellophane test
Wuchereria bancrofti
Roundworm family: Filariasis
Elephantiasis: Lymphatic blockage
Mosquitos
Trichinella spiralis
Roundworm family: Trichinosis
Raw pork
Lives in striated muscles, diaphragm, gastrocnemius
Capsomeres
A subunit of the protein coat (capsid) of a virus particle
Sometimes viral envelope - trilaminar lipid membrane
Transmission
Viruses are most commonly transmitted or acquired via respiratory system
Mosquito
Arboviruses
Hep B
Transmitted via:
Sexual contact
IV drug user
DNA virus
Sequelae: Liver cancer
Hep A
Transmitted via:
Fecal-oral
RNA virus
"Get it and get over it
Hep C
Transmitted via:
Tattoo, blood transfusion
Life carrier
RNA virus
Sequelae: Liver cancer
Hep D
Transmitted via:
Co-infection with Hep B
RNA virus
Sequelae: Liver Cancer
Hep E
Transmitted via:
Fecal oral
Contaminated water
RNA virus
Herpes simplex Type 1
Above the belt
Fever blisters
Cold sores
Trigeminal nerve
Herpes simplex Type 2
Below the belt
genital herpes
Rubella
German measles, "3 day measles"
Limb malformation most susceptible in 1st trimester
"German Bell
Rubeola (measles)
Red Measles Pneumonic = "ruby red",
koplik spots on buccal mucosa
3 C's: cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis
Vaccinia
Cowpox
Varicella
Chicken pox
Maculopapular vesicular rash, Red fluid filled skin lesion
Variola
Smallpox (Small ola)
Guarneri bodies
Coxsackie
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Polio
Strikes the Brainstem
Respiratory paralysis
Affects anterior horn (alpha motor)
LMN lesion paralysis
Influenza (flu)
Antigenic shift/drift
Small mutation = drift, Big mutation = shift
Cannot develop a specific vaccine that's effective
Mumps
Cytomegalic paramyxovirus
Causes Parotitus, LMN dz of CN7 bells palsy
Sterility from oophoritis or orchitis
Group B arbovirus
Yellow fever, Dengue Fever, Zika, Chikungunya
Carrier: Mosquito
Dengue Fever
First sign = Arthragia
Mosquito carrier
Bone break fever, bone crusher dz
Zika
Aedes Agypti mosquito
Mild form of Dengue
Chikungunya
Aedes agypti mosquito
Aedes Albopictus mosquito
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Latent/persistent, birth defect, transmitted through body fluids
Immunocompromised opportunistic
Rabies
Rhabdovirus, negri bodies in brain
Reye's syndrome (RS)
Negative reaction to aspirin
AIDS
Caused by retrovirus (HIV)
reverse transcriptase RNA --> DNA
CD4 cells affected- T helper cells of immune system
Complications of AIDS
Pneumocystis carinii- #1 cause of death
Toxoplasmosis - #1 parasitic and protozoal infection
Kaposi sarcoma - #1 death by cancer
Giardiasis lamblia - Mucous diarrhea (Thrush)
Ebola virus
Flu like symptoms leading to hemorrhagic fever
Cocci
Rod shaped (gonorrhea = coffee bean shaped)
Psychrophilic
15 degrees celcius and below
Mesophilic
24-40 degrees celcius
Thrives at Human Temp
Killed by fever
Thermophilic
45 degrees celcius or above
Yersinia pestis (aka pasteurella pestis)
Bubonic Pague "Black Death"
Rat flea
Lymphnode enlargement
Francisella Tularensis
The French Rabbit smells Tulips"
Rabbit, squirrel fever (francisella tularensis- vector)
Hunters at risk
Tularemia
Clostridium botulinum
Home canning
12-24 hours after ingestion
Heat labile, prevents AcH release
Flobby baby syndrome
1st symptom - diplopia
2nd symptom - death
Camylobacter jejunii
Contaminated food
1-7 days after ingestion
MC cause of gastritis
Abdominal pain, blood and puss in stool, fever
#1 cause of food poisoning
Listeria monocytogenes
Deli meats and Soft cheeses
MC cause of death by food contaminance
3rd cause of meningitis
Salmonella enteritidis
Bacteria from eggs and poultry
12-24 hours after injestion
Heat labile, cook yolks hard to prevent
Staphylococcus aureus
Creams and custards
2-4 hours after ingestion
No Fever, heat stable toxin
Typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi, widal test
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Hides and wool
Zoonosis
Facultative Anaerobe
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani, lock jaw aka trims; soil Bourne, obligated antirobe
Shigella
E.Coli
Water and Soil born
Bacterial dysentery (blood in stool)
Cholera
Rice water stools
E. coli enterotoxigenic
Traveler's Diarrhea
Montezuma's revenge
Hamburger's disease -->fatal
E. Coli OH157
Verotoxin
#1 Swimmers ear
Legionella pneumophila
Pontiac Fever
Minor legionnaires disease
mild pneumonia
Chlamydia psittaci
Parrot Fever, infected birds
Chlamydia trachomatis
STD (white pus)
#1 cause of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Yellow green pus
Gram (-)
Cultured on chocolate agar
#1 cause of opthalmia neonatorum (antibiotic in infant eyes)
#2 cause of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
Borrelia Burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
Deer tick
Bulls eye rash
Treponema Pallidum
STD (Syphylis)
Primary- hard painless chancre
Secondary- condylomata lata (flat wart)
Tertiary- neurosyphilis, gummas, argyll Robertson pupil, tabes dorsalis
Congenital: hutchinson teeth
Otitis media
#1 Haemophilus influenza
#2 Strep pneumoniae
Otitis externa
#1 E. Coli
#2 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Giardia Lamblia
Giardiasis
Beaver fever
4 pairs of flagella
Hikers, not properly disinfecting water
Severe diarrhea
Leishmania donovani
Kala-Asar
Sandflies
Viscerotropic
Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria
Female anopheles
Mosquito injects sporozoite into human blood
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis
Cat feces, uncooked meat
Miscarriages is #1 exposure during 1st tri
Trypanosoma cruzi
African sleeping sickness
Kissing "reduviid" bug "Kiss Shit"
Chaga's dz
Trypanosoma gambiense
Tsetse fly, african sleeping sickness
neuro disease
Sickle cell anemia
H shaped vertebrae
African decent
Aspergillus fumigatus
Fungal infection
Nuts and grains
Aflatoxin
Primary Liver cancer
Blastomycosis
Eastern seaboard, inhalation
Coccidioidomycosis
Desert of southwest
San Joaquin valley fever
Histoplasmosis
Mississippi and Ohio river valleys
Similar to TB
Pneumocystis carinii
Pigeon droppings
Dry nonproductive cough
#1 cause of death in AIDS
Sporothrix schenckii
Rosebush thorns/flowers
Gardeners at risk
keratinase virulence factor
attack skin
Proteinase virulence factor
Attack muscle
Elastase virulence factor
Attack connective tissue
Cutaneous fungal infection
Can detect with:
UV light
Skin scraping
No blood test can detect
Tinea barbae
Ringworm of beard
Tinea capitis
Ringworm of scalp
Tinea corporis
Ringworm of body
Tinea cruris
Ringworm of groin "Jock itch
Tinea pedis
Ringworm of foot "Athlete's foot
Tinea unguium
Ringworm of nail
Tinea Versicolor
Color change on skin due to fungal infection
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Coxiella burnetii
Q fever
Weil Felix (-)
Coxiella burnetii
All rickettsia are Weil Felix + except for?