what organism causes anthrax?
bacillus anthracis
what is the reservoir for anthrax?
soil, undercooked meat of grazing animal
how is anthrax spread?
ingestion of food with endospores or contact with endospores
what are the 3 kinds of anthrax?
cutaneous, GI, inhalational
what are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?
papule forms and ruptures and leaves ulcerated area with black scab
what are the symptoms of GI anthrax?
nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, ulcer lesions in GI tract
what are the symptoms of inhalational anthrax?
fever, coughing, chest pain, death in 1-2 days
what is the treatment for anthrax?
antibiotics if early on, vaccine (6 shots over 18 months)
what kind of anthrax are most cases? what percent?
cutaneous, 90%
what virulence factors does anthrax have?
edema toxin- local edema interferes with phagocytosis
lethal toxin- targets and kills macrophages
encapsulated with protective antigen on both toxins
why do we need an anthrax vaccine?
bioterrorism threat
what organism causes gangrene?
clostridium perfringens
what is the reservoir for clostridium perfringens?
soil and intestinal tracts
what are the symptoms of gangrene?
tissue death and systemic illness
what is the treatment for gangrene?
cleaning and antibiotics
hyperbaric chamber to prevent anaerobe growth
amputation
what is ischemia and necrosis?
ischemia is blood supply interruption, necrosis is tissue death from ischemia
what is gas gangrene?
bacteria grow, ferment carbs, produce gas
gangrene produces ____ that kill cells, more necrosis = _____
toxins, favorable for more bacterial growth
what happens when toxins and bacteria from gangrene enter the blood?
systemic infections
what's a risk factor for gangrene?
diabetes
what organism causes the plague?
yersinia pestis
what is the reservoir for yersinia pestis?
rats
how does the plaque spread?
bacteria blocks fleas GI tract, it bites host and throws up the old infected blood
what are the symptoms of the plague?
buboes- lymph node swelling (bubonic)
septicemic plague- bacteria in blood, septic shock
pneumonic plague- bacteria in lungs, spread through droplets
what is the treatment for the plague?
antibiotics or vaccine
how can you prevent the plague?
more sanitary living conditions, get rid of rats
what is the mortality rate for the plague?
50-75% untreated, 100% pneumonic
what organism causes lyme disease?
borrelia burgadorferi
what is the reservoir for lyme disease?
field mice
how is lyme disease spread?
ticks biting
what are the symptoms of the 1st phase of lyme disease?
rash at bite site with clear in the center, then flu like symptoms
what are the symptoms of the 2nd phase of lyme disease?
irregular heart beat needing a pacemaker, neuro symptoms, facial paralysis, fatigue, memory loss, encephalitis, meningitis
what are the symptoms of the 3rd phase lyme disease?
arthritis
what are the treatments for lyme disease?
antibiotics in phase 1, large amounts of antibiotics in later phases
what phase has the largest percentage of lyme disease cases?
1st phase, 75% of cases
what organism causes typhus?
rickettsia prowazekii
what is the reservoir for typhus?
squirrels
how does typhus spread?
lice feces
what are the symptoms of typhus?
fever, rash, hemorrhaging
what is the treatment for typhus?
antibiotics, cleaning unsanitary conditions
what organism causes rocky mountain spotted fever?
rickettsia rickettsii
how does rocky mountain spotted fever spread?
ticks
what are the symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever?
macular rash on palms and soles 1 week after bite, fever, headache
how is rocky mountain spotted fever treated?
early antibiotics, no vaccine
where are most cases of rocky mountain spotted fever?
southeastern us, appalachia
what organism causes mono?
epstein-barr virus
what family of virus does EPV belong too?
herpesviridae
how is mono spread?
saliva: kissing, sharing drinks
what are the symptoms of mono?
common viral like symptoms, possible rupture spleen, fatigue
what is mononucleosis?
unusual lobed nuclei in lymphocytes
how is mono treated?
rest, low activity, supportive care, run course
what organism causes CMV?
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
what family is the CMV virus part of?
herpesviridae
how is CMV transmitted?
bodily fluids
what are the symptoms of CMV in an AIDS patient?
life threatening pneumonia, eye infections
what are the symptoms of CMV in a pregnant woman?
the newborns could have intellectual disabilities or deafness
what are the symptoms of CMV in adults?
no symptoms or mild mono symptoms
inclusion bodies in infected cells
how is CMV treated?
antivirals, no vaccine
what happens if donated blood or tissue tests positive for CMV?
they give it antibodies to neutralize it
what percent of the us carries CMV without knowing?
80% of the population
what spreads chikunguya?
mosquitos
what are the symptoms of chikunguya?
high fever severe rash, massive blisters, crippling joint pains
where can you get chikunguya in the us?
florida because of the tropical weather
what organism causes toxoplasmosis?
toxoplasma gondii
what kind of organism causes toxoplasmosis?
protozoan with spores
what transmits toxoplasmosis?
rodents to cat feces, undercooked food, soil
what are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
inflammation, tissue cyst in brain
what treatment is there for toxoplasmosis?
anti protozoans
what dangers does toxoplasmosis have to pregnant women?
stillborn or brain damage
what dangers does toxoplasmosis have to AIDS patients?
reactivated cysts, neurological impairment
what percentage of the population has antibodies to toxoplasmosis?
22-40% of the population
what organism causes malaria?
plasmodium falciparum
what type of organism is malaria?
protozoan
what spreads malaria?
mosquitos
what are the symptoms of malaria?
chills, fever, vomit, headache
RBC's killed and infected, knobs stick to vessel walls, and clog vessels, don't get eliminated
organ failure to death
how is malaria treated?
anti protozoans, working on vaccine
what disease do you get 2-3 days of symptoms and then 2-3 days of no symptoms?
malaria
what is the mortality rate of malaria in Africa? the us?
90%, 50%
what is the reservoir of yellow fever?
monkeys
what spreads yellow fever?
mosquitos and human to human
what are the primary symptoms of yellow fever?
fever chills, headache, nausea, vomiting
how is yellow fever treated?
no vaccine, treat symptoms
what are the secondary symptoms of yellow fever?
jaundice, liver damage
what spreads dengue?
mosquito
what are the symptoms of dengue?
fever, severe muscle and joint pain, rash, "breakbone fever
where is dengue contracted at?
caribbean, tropics
what organism causes marburg virus?
marburg virus (green monkey virus)
what spreads marburg virus?
african monkeys, blood transmission
what are the symptoms of marburg virus?
headache, muscle pain, high fever, vomiting blood, external/internal bleeding
organ failure/shock to death
what is the reservoir for ebola?
fruit bats
what spreads ebola?
blood/fluid transmission
what are the symptoms of ebola?
blood vessel walls damaged, coagulation interfered with
what is the mortality rate for ebola?
90%
how is hantavirus transmitted?
inhalation
what are the symptoms of hantavirus?
pneumonia
what are the 4 hemorrhagic fevers?
yellow fever, dengue, marburg virus, hantavirus