Acne
-bacterial skin disease
Causative agent: propionibacterium acnes
physicochemical
physical and chemical environmental changes
Hair follicle infections
-bacterial skin disease
1) folliculitis: inflammation of hair follicle
2) furnucle: infection that includes surrounding tissues (boil)
3) carbuncle: large area of infection of thick skin (neck), several sites of puss, very sick and need an antibiotic
ALL
scalded skin syndrome
-bacterial skin disease
Causative agent: Staphylococcus aureus
- produces a toxin called exfoliatin that causes skin to be delaminated and the skin pulls apart
-35%-45% mortality rate
-need topical and oral antibiotics
-usually affect infants and immuno-c
streptococcal impetigo
-bacterial skin disease
Causative agent: streptococcus pyogenes
-considered a pyoderma
-result of an insect bite/ scratch
-can prevent this by cleaniness and avoiding people
pyoderma
skin infection characterized by pus production
rocky mountain spotted fever
-bacterial skin disease
Causative agent: rickettsia rickettsii
- considered a zoonosis disease
- carried by the wood tick (vector) dermacentor andersoni
lyme disease
-bacterial skin disease
Causative agent: Borrelia Burgdorferi
-considered a zoonosis disease and carried by the dear tick (vector) ixodes scapularis
-bulls eye looking rash
Chicken pox (Varicella)
-skin rash disease
Causative agent: varicella zoster virus
-latent infection
-secondary infection
Measles (Rubeola)
Causative agent: rubeola virus
-systemic infection
-spread through respiratory droplets
German Measles (Rubella)
Causative agent: rubella virus
-milder than measles 3-5 days
- spread through respiratory droplets
-usually goes undiagnosed
fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)
Causative agent: parvovirus B-19
-occurs in children and adults
- slapped cheek appearance
Roseola
Causative agent: herpes virus type 6
-affects infants
Warts
Causative agent: papilloma viruses
bynine tumors called papillomas
-if associated with sole of feet its considered plantar warts
superficial cutaneous mycoses
skin disease caused by fungus
Causative agents: epidermophyton, microsporum, and trichophyton (collectively called dermatophytes)
diaper rash
skin disease caused by fungus
Causative agent: candida albicans
-yeast is formed and incredibly itchy
-apart of your normal flora
type of wounds
1) incision: cut with knife
2) puncture: penetration
3) lacerations: tissue is torn
4) contusion: crushing blows (bruise)
5) abrasion
6) gun shot wound
7) burns
classification of burns
1) 1st degree burn: superficial, mildest, affects the outermost layer of skin
2) 2nd degree burn: damage goes beyond the first layer, affect epidermis and part of dermis
3) 3rd degree burn: affects through the dermis, worst of the three
Staphylococcal wound infections
Causative agents: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis
-some strains exist and breaks down connective tissues
-some are pyogenic: pus producing
-some stains of S. aureus are antibiotic resistance
Flesh eating infection (disease)
Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes
-enters through a wound
-also called necrotizing fascitis
-eats connective tissues
Burn wound infections
Causative agent: psuedomonas aeruginoses
-green looking
- can be a nosocomial infection
tetanus
Causative agent: clostridium tetani
- characterized by sustained, painful, and uncontrollable, cramp-like muscle spasms
-anaerobic soil bacteria
-once symptomatic it can be fatal
-also called "lockjaw
Gas Gangrene
Causative agent: Clostridium Perfringens and Clostridium myonecrosis
-anaerobic
Actinomycosis
Causative agent: actinomyces israelii
-most fungal infections end in mycosis, but this disease is actually a bacterial infection
-lumpy jaw
-common soil bacteria
- long time to get rid of with antibiotics
Human bite wounds
Causative agent: bacteroides Sp.
- usually happens when humans get in a fight, especially while drunk
Animal bite wounds
Causative agent: Pasteurella multocida
-redness, swelling, tenderness
-considered a puncture wound
- treated with antibiotics
Cat scratch disease
causative agent: Bartonella henselae
-has enlarged lymph nodes
-bite from a cat
Rat bite fever
Causative agent: Streptobacillus moniliformis
-affects homeless people
-can happen because of laboratory work with rats
Rose Gardeners (thorn) disease (sporotrichosis)
Causative agent: sporothrix schenckii
-treated with anti-fungal oral meds
respiratory system infection facts
-in order to exchange gases, must have moist entrances
-lungs are fairly sterile
Strep throat
Causative agent: streptococcal pyogenes
-pain and fever
-can lead to scarlet fever and rhumatic fever
-many diseases mimic strep
-dogs can be carriers
Diptheria
Causative agent: corynebacterium diptheriae
-rare but deadly toxin-mediated disease
-causes pseudo-membrane in the pharnyx region and causes patient to suffocate
- fatal in 1/10 with treatment
-killed George Washington
Pink eye, earache, and sinus infections
Causative agent: Haemophius influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae
1) sinusitis: name for sinus infection
2) conjunctivitis: name for pink eye
3) otitis media: middle ear infection
common cold
Causative agent: Rhino viruses
- 100 or so viruses that cause the common cold
Adenoviral (pharyngitis) Respiratory tract infections
Causative agent: Adenovirus
-presents as a cold and mimics strep
-the sore throat is worse
-febrile: fever
(read causative agent in textbook)
Pneumoccal pneumonia
Causative agent: streptococcus pneumoniae
-blood in sputum
- 60% of pneumonia cases are this
Kiebsiella pneumonia
Causative agent: Kiebsiella pneumonia
-worst of the three types of pneumonia
- lung abscesses and tissue death
- permanent lung damage
Walking pneumonia
Causative agent: mycoplasma pneumoniae
-mildest of the three types of pneumonia
- do not always need to go to the hospital
Whooping cough (pertusis)
Causative agent: Bordetella pertusis
- fatal
- croup sounding cough
tuberculosis
Causative agent: mycobacterium tuberculosis
-difficult to treat
- slow grower and long asymptomatic stage
-blood is usually coughed up
-fatal
legionnaires disease
Causative agent: legionella pnuemophila
- named after the 1976 meeting of american legion met and ended up with a type of pneumonia
- widespread in warm waters when you breathe in the air particles (airicilized)
-treatable with antiobiotics
Influenza (Flu)
Causative agent: orthomyxovirus family
-mutates rapidly
- serious lower respiratory disease
- small percentage fatal
- can live on fomites
Respiratory syncytial virus
Causative agent: paramyxovirus family
- affects infants more than adults
-lower respiratory infection
- leading cause of infection
- mimics croup sounding cough
Hantavirus
Causative agent: bunyavirus family
- zoonosis disease, spread through desert mice feces and urine (vector)
Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis)
Causative agent: Coccidiodes immitis
- soil fungus
-flu like symptoms
Spelunkers disease (Histoplasmosis)
Causative agent: histoplasma capsulatum
- fungus in bat guano (poop)
- bynine illness
antimicrobial
term that means damages microbes
salvarsan
a type of antimicrobial
- first documented example of a chemical used successfully as an antimicrobial medication
-chemo therapeutic agent (selectively toxic)
protonsil
- an a red dye that was effective in treating steptococcal infections in animals
treat strep throat (red-dye), and the dye breaks down into sulfate drug, which is called sulfanilamide
Alexander Flemming
created penicillin, which was an example of a first antibiotic
antibiotic
- antimicrobial drugs naturally produced by microorganisms
Features of antimicrobial drugs
1) Selective toxicity
2) Antimicrobial action
3) Spectrum of activity
4) Effects of combination of antimicrobial drugs
5) Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
6) Adverse effects
7) resistance to antimicrobials
Selective Toxicity
- causes greater harm to microorganisms than to the human host
-therapeutic index= lowest dose toxic to a patient divided by the dose typically used for therapy
( high therapeutic index means less toxic)
Antimicrobial action
-antimicrobial drugs either kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth
Bacteriostatic= drug that inhibits bacterial growth
bactericidal= drugs that kills bacteria
Spectrum of activity
broad spectrum= antimicrobial's that effect a whole range of bacteria
effects of combination of antimicrobial drugs
-combinations of antimicrobial's are sometimes used to treat infections, but you must be careful
1) antagonistic: counteracting drugs that go against each other
2) synergistic: one drug compliments the other
3) Additive: neither antagonistic nor synergist
tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
some drugs can end up within certain parts of the body than others
- Half life: time it takes for the body to eliminate one half of the original concentration in the serum
QID: 4x a day
TID: 3x a day
BID: 2x a day
QD: 1x a day
Adverse effects
1) allergic reaction
2) toxic effects
3) suppression of normal microbes
resistance to antimicrobials
1) innate
2) intrinsic resistance
3) acquired resistance
Mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs
1) cell wall inhibition
2) protein synthesis inhibition
3) nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
4) folate biosynthesis
5) cell membrane integrity
chart on page 474
cell wall inhibition
- drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls
- drugs that interfere solely with the cell wall resulting in high therapeutic index
penicillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin
methicillin
cephalexin
protein synthesis inhibition
- several types of antibacterial drugs inhibit prokaryotic protein synthesis
streptomycin
gentamicin
neomycin
tetracyclines
erythromycin
azithromycin
chloramphenicol
nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
ciprofloxacin
(rifamycins) rifampin
folate biosynthesis
sulfonamides
trimethoprim
cell membrane integrity
polymyaxin B
daptomycin
diseases that are considered a zoonosis
1) rocky mountain spotted fever
2) lyme disease
3) hantavirus
diseases that are caused by staphylococcus aureus
1) hair follicle infections
2) scalded skin syndrome
3) staphylococcal wound infection
diseases that are caused by streptococcus pyogenes
1) flesh eating disease
2) strep throat
3) streptococcal impetigo