Describe 7 reasons why insects cannot become huge.
1. The Tracheal system can only get enough oxygen to support small bodies.
2. Exoskeleton would be too heavy for its legs and feet to hold, no internal frame.
3. While molting, they would be very vulnerable to predators.
4.Open circulatory system would be
(Moth) List three possible reasons for this evolutionary adaption
Mate detection, Predator detection, Prey detection
______, the organs of Cuvier, which are sticky and contain toxins, are expelled in the direction of an enemy.
Holothuroidea
-----, most animals have muscles arranged as antagonistic groups. Accordingly, ____, muscles draw a limb toward the body and ______ muscles straighten a limb out.
Crustacea, flexors, extensors
Tick species of _____, carry lyme disease, while tick species of ______, transmit rocky mountain fever.
Ixodes, dermacentor
_____ has organs built of disc-like, multinucleated cells called electrocytes. When these cells are discharged simultaneously, a high-amperage current flows into the surround water to stun its prey.
Electric Ray, Chondrichthyes
Honeybees and other bee species pollinate _____ worth of food crops in the U.S. annually.
10 billion
After whales, ______ are the largest living vertebrates, reaching 12 meters in length.
chondrichthyes
Ametabolous Metamorphosis
egg-juveniles-adult ex. spring tails
Hemimetabolous Metamorphosis
egg- nymph-adult ex. mantids
Holometabolous Metamorphosis
egg-larvae-pupa-adult ex. beetles
List the two main concepts that capture the phenomena
Environmental Variability, Genetic Variation
These beetles are attempting to mate with a beer bottle. Which term best captures these two illustrations?
Lock & Key
Describe four traits that characterize the body plan of an active fish. Which is this body plan called:
Fusiform
1.Peduncal Shape
2.Sickled shaped tail
3.Minimized yaw
4. immovable operculum, fused, constantly moving
left brain sleeping
sharks angled downward to be grounded, swim bladder for bouncy and pressure
List the 5 Chordate Hallmark characteristics and lebel the figure below with each hallmark
1. Dorsal Tubular Nerve Chord
2. Notochord
3. Endostyle
4. Postanal tail
5. Pharyngeal Slits
Water Entrance and circulation pathway in the Starfish.
1. Water enters Maderoprite
2. Stone canal
3. ring canal
4. radial canal
5. lateral canal
6. Ampullae
7. Tube Feet
Fish are adapted to live in a medium that is _____ times denser than air will gills that are efficient at extracting oxygen from water that has _____the oxygen of air.
800, 1/20
Tick species of______ carry lyme disease, while tick species of ______, transmit rocky mountain spotted fever.
Ixodes, Dermacentor
Some few spiders may segmented abdomens, this is an example of __________.
Metamerism
In subphylum Chelicerate, rectal glands reabsorb the _________ & _________, leaving wastes and uric acid for excretion
Chloride, Sodium
Another name for Craniata is
Vertebrate
In Honeybees, drones develop by _______, however, development of a fertile queen requires ingestion of _________, and the queen secretes ___________ to prevent workers from maturing.
parthenogenesis, royal jelly, queen substance.
_____ Beetles roll feces into a ball. Afterwards they feed the feces to their________.
Dung, offspring
Tympanal organs occur in __________, _________,____________. this means that all of these animals utilize sound to communicate.
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera
_________- became extinct by the lower Permian and they resembled bony fish. However, they had heavy spines on all fins except the caudal fin.
Anapsid
After whales, __________, are the largest living vertebrates, reaching 12 meters in length.
Sharks, chondrichthyes
In class Chondrichthyes, fertilization is _______, unlike other related classes.
internal
Why is the following illustration so important (tadpole larvae TUNICATE) What is it called?
Shows the metamorphosis of a tadpole larvae tunicate to an adult. The tadpole larvae have all 5 chordate characteristics before it all disappears as an adult. Paedomorphosis.
Animals that live in water burn _____ kcal/km. Animals that fly burn _____ kcals/km and animals that walk on land burn ______ kcals/km.
.39, 1.45, 5.43
List two reasons why this physiological phenomenon (right, sex) is so important to its owner.
Genetically- Insects reproduce sexually to create diversity and variability within the genes of its offspring.
Physically- This variability of genes leaves physically better fit offspring.
Describe the muscle systems involved in insect flight shown here. List 2 insect species that utilize each muscle system.
A. Flight muscles in which both upstroke and downstroke are by indirect muscles. ex. Flies, Bees
B. Flight muscles in which upstroke is by indirect muscles & downstroke by direct muscles. ex. Cockroaches, dragonflies
How is it possible for insects with more advanced wing physiology to beat their wings at a fast pace than other wise?
Synchronous and asynchronous neural control stimulates muscle contraction with nerve impulses.
What is the significance of the following illustration? (jaw)
What is the name of the feature called?
Early jawed vertebrates, evidence indicates jaws arose by modification of 1st two cartilaginous gill arches. Meckel's Cartilage/Ridge
Describe the 5 steps in Arthropod Molting/ ecdysis
1. Intermolt Phase normal conditions
2. Premolt 1, Procuticle seperates from epidermis, new epicuticle secreted
3. Premolt 2, new exocuticle, molting fluids dissolve old endocuticle
4. Ecolysis, old exocuticle and epicuticle are discarded
5. Post ecolysi,
Heterocercal
Shark
Diphycercal
Lungfish
Homocercal
Perch
Ctenoid Scales
Cycloid Scales
Ganoid Scales
Placoid Scales
Otilist (fish brains)
They get new rings as they age.
Two things that make STARFISH unique among higher animals
No programmed death. Water-vascular system.
Inguinal Hernia
Intestines going through inguinal canal where testes left body which weakened the adbomdenal wall. Body heat denatures sperm so testes leave body. Recapitulation Theory.
How did we get so big?
Genes quadrupled, Lots of genes.
Teleostomi
All vertebrate
Teleost
fish
Describe Prey detection sequences in sharks. Far Away
Sharks detect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to 1 part per 10 billion. The Hammerhead shark exhibit nostrils on each side of head which gives it bidirectional smell that improves stereo-olfaction.
Describe prey detection sequences in sharks. Mid-distance.
They use vision when prey is at mid-distance. They have excellent vision even in dimly lit water. They also use lateral line system that detects water currents & vibrations.
Describe prey detection sequences in sharks. Close to prey.
Up close, sharks use electroreceptors through the Ampullae of Lorenzini located on the sharks head, to sense bioelectric fields that surround all animals.
5 reasons why insects and other arthropods are the most successful animal group on the planet.
1.Camoflauge helps them hide from predators
2. Highly adaptable to different environments
3.High reproductive potential, high fecundity.
4.Can fly
5.Babys and adults have different diets
6.Very sensitive sensory organs
7. Exoskeleton protection
Development of the vertebrate head and sense organs was largely the result of two innovations:
Nuerel crest and ectodermal placodes
In contrast to roundworms, how do segmented worms elongate or stretch lengthwise?
Contracting circular muscles
The blood of an earthworm contains
Colorless ameboid cells and hemoglobin molecules dissolved in the fluid
The most diverse class of crustaceans is the __________________.
Malacostraca
The circulatory system of earthworms is
closed with dorsal and ventral blood vessels joined by five paired "hearts" forcing circulation flow dorsal-ventrally.
Coordinated movements of an annelid's body segments are possible because of the
ventral nerve cord and paired segmented ganglia
Since the hemolymph of crustaceans leaves the heart by arteries, why is it considered an open system
Doesn't return to heart through closed veins, instead comes back through hemocoel
The extant group likely to be the most closely related to the basal chordates are the echinoderms because
Early embryonic development of echinoderms is similar to that of chordates
Which arachnid has a bite or sting that is neurotoxic and causes paralysis?
All arachnids have such a toxin and are dangerous if large enough to bite us
The oldest ancestral and most widely-occurring larva in the Crustacea is
The nauplius
The body plan of members of the class Malacostraca shows a standard pattern of appendage arrangement along the entire body that suggests
Serial homology
Structures in each arm of a sea star include the gonads, the system that works the tube feet, and
Pyloric ceca that produce digestive fluids for extracellular digestion
Most animals have __________ heartbeats in their lifetime. Humans perceive __________ images per second in daylight and _________ images per second at night. To a fly, our actions seem __________. However, a snail would experience our actions as _________
Most animals have 1 billion heartbeats in their lifetime. Humans perceive 60-70 images per second in daylight and 30 images per second at night. To a fly, our actions seem slow. However, a snail would experience our actions as fast. When a human smokes ma
_________% of males in USA suffer from ________ hernias.
1. 42%
2. Inguinal hernias
The fossil record of echinoderms:
Suggests early echinoderms were freely-swimming and bilateral but became sessile and pentaradial in recent times
Why is this animal special?
Pill bugs (sow bugs) lack an efficient cuticular covering and other adaptations possessed by insects to conserve water, so live in moist environments; only terrestrial crustaceans