anthrax
an enzootic disease of large herbivores that ingest the spores while grazing.
develop from endospores
-can get into macrophages and replicate inside of it
bacillus anthracis
produces a capsule and 3 exotoxins
inhalation anthrax
wool sorter's disease
-from sheep (wool) who lay around in the dirt
intestinal anthrax
came from contaminated and undercooked meat
cutaneous anthrax
came from skin abrasions that came in contact with spore-contaminated animal products like shaving bristles that developed into a black necrotic sore
-more common (handling animals)
human forms of anthrax
inhalation
cutaneous
intestinal
bioterrorism
tetanus
causes hyperactive muscle contractions
-wounds caused from soil borne contaminants introduce tetanus endospores to tissues
-come from outside
constridium tetani
produces a powerful neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that blocks the inhibition of muscle contractions
tetanus used to be called
lockjaw because of jaw muscle stiffness
tetanus treated with
penicillin and antitoxins
gas gangrene
causes massive tissue damage
clostridium perfringens produces
a group of toxins and hydrolytic enzymes
dead tissue (myonecrosis)
blocks blood flow causing gangrene and gas below the skin
treatment for gas gangrene
-debridement
-antibiotics
-hyperbaric oxygen chamber (its an anaerobe).
leptospirosis
emerging zoonotic disease found worldwide
leptospira interrogans
infection and other species
leptospirosis ROT
infected through contaminated animal urine
leptospirosis symptoms
headache, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, fever, and chills
-Weil syndrome may develop leading to liver and kidney malfunction
leptospirosis treatment
doxycycline
plague
can be a highly fatal disease
yersinia pestis
carried in rodents and spread by their fleas
-current active plague in Madagascar (Black Death)
The Black Plague
1347-1352 it killed 1/3 of Europe's population
-took 150 years to recover pre-plague populations
Yersinia pestis
causes 3 forms of the plague
-still here
3 forms of the plague
bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic
bubonic plague
cells accumulate in the bloodstream and localize in the lymph nodes called buboes
septicemic plague
spreads through the bloodstream it was known as the black death.
pneumonic plague
is highly contagious by respiratory droplets
can be communicable**
sylvatic plague
is found today in the desert SW among prairie dogs
-treated with antibiotics
tularemia
has more than one disease presentation
tularemia ROT
can have a tick vector or be acquired by infected meat, contaminated water or air
francisella tularensis
infections can involve an extremely small infectious dose causing tularemia or rabbit fever
tularemia symptoms
flu like
respiratory disease
swimmer lymph nodes
borrelia burgdorferi
transmitted by the bite of a small tick (Lyme Disease)
Stages of Lyme Disease
-bull's eye rash at the site of tick time with fever, aches, pains, and flu-like symptoms
-can spread to skin, heart, NS, and joints
-late stage develops chronic arthritis and swelling in the joints
relapsing fever
carried by ticks and lice
tick borne (endemic) relapsing fever
caused by borrelia hermisii
-as spirochetes increase, fevers reoccurring increase
epidemic relapsing fever is caused by
borellia recurrentis carried by body lice
rickettsial and ehrlichial diseases are
arthropodborne
rickettsia
infections often involve a characteristic rash and tick, lice or flea vectors.
Rocky mountain spotted fever
is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii which is transmitted by hard ticks.
-symptoms are a high fever, headaches, and skin rash which spreads
epidemic typhus
caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted by body lice.
-associated with war, famine, and poverty
-high fever and rash
->75% die in epidemics
-may reoccur as a milder Brill-Zinsser Disease
typhoid fever caused by
salmonella enterica/ typhi
Murine (mouse) typhus
caused by Rickettsia typhi spread by fleas and lice has a milder fever, headache and rash.
scrub typhus
in Asia and the Pacific is carried by a chigger mite in scrublands, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi
rickettsialpox
looks like chickenpox spread by mites from mice caused by Rickettsia akari
ehrlich and anaplasma species
infect different groups of leukocytes
-tickborne zoonoses
human monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by
Ehrlichia chaffeensis affect monocytes.
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum affect neutrophils.