Prokaryotic Cells
�Simplest system and oldest/signs of life
�Plasmids
Flagella
�Whip filament made of protein
�Moves the bacterium
Eubacteria
�True bacteria
-no nucleus/before nucleus
-cell wall enclosed
-ribosomes
-DNA is in the cytoplasm
Archaebacteria
�Ancient bacteria
�inhabit extreme environments
Eukaryotic Cells
�Larger and complicated
�Nucleus - true nucleus
�Organelles
�DNA
Bacterial Conjugation
�Bacteria share genes by transferring plasmids
Plasmid
�Extrachromosomal ring of DNA
�Ability to replicate
�Direct transfer of DNA
Nutrients for Bacterial Growth
�Proteins
�Sugars
�Vitamins and minerals
�Water
�Blood
�Meat
�Seaweed agar
�Broth
Bacterial Spores
Endospores
�Adapt to changes in their environment
�Initiated by nutrient deprivation
�Survival capsules for bacteria in order to exist
�Produced by many species of Gram positive bacteria and bacillus species
Identify
Used for identification of bacteria and treatment of infections
Gram Stain
Crystal violet (blue) and safranin (red)
Ziehl-Neelsen
�Acid fast stain
�Carbofuschin (red) and methylene blue used to ID tuberculosis
Contact - Direct
�Hepatitis A
�HIV
�Staphylococcus (gram -)
Contact - Indirect
�Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram -)
�Hepatitis B & C
�HIV
Droplet
�Haemophilus Influenzae (type B)
�Neisseria meningitides pneumonia
�Diptheria
�Pertussis
�Streptococcal pneumonia
�Influenza
�Mumps
�Rubella
�Adenovirus
�Rhinovirus
Hepatitis A
�A highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus
�Usually is spread when a person ingests even tiny amounts of contaminated fecal matter. Infects liver cells and causes inflammation
�Contact isolation
�Direct
�Can survive for months
�F
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
�Gram -
�Serious infections usually occur in people in the hospital and/or with weakened immune systems. Infections of the blood, pneumonia, and infections following surgery can lead to severe illness and death in these people
�This bacteria settles into
Hepatitis B
�A serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For some people, infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months
�Leads to liver cancer, failure to cirrhosis
�Most people recover fully
�Chronic
-infants & children
�Survi
Sexual Contact
You may become infected if you have unprotected sex with an infected partner whose blood, saliva, semen, or vaginal secretions enter your body
Sharing Needles
HBV is easily transmitted through needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood
Accidental Needle Sticks
Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers
Mother to Child
Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. However, the newborn can be vaccinated to
Hepatitis C
�A viral infection that causes liver inflammation, sometimes leading to serious liver damage
�The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through contaminated blood
�Can live up to 3-6 weeks on inanimate objects
�Contact
Haemophilus Influenzae (Type B)
�A type of bacteria that mainly causes illness in babies and young children
�These bacteria can cause infections in people of all ages ranging from mild, such as an ear infection, to severe, such as a bloodstream infection
�Once was the main cause of bact
Neisseria Meningitis
�Causes meningococcal disease
�About 1 out of 10 people have this type of bacteria in the back of their nose and throat with no signs or symptoms of disease; this is called being 'a carrier'
�But sometimes bacteria can invade the body causing certain illn
Diphtheria
�An infection caused by the bacterium corynebacterium diphtheriae
�Causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death
�Weakness
�Sore throat
�Fever
�Swollen glands in the neck
�
Pertussis
�Whooping cough
�Known for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe
�After fits of many coughs, someone with pertussis often needs to take deep breaths which results in a "whooping" sound
�Droplet
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
�Pneumococci are common inhabitants of the respiratory tract and may be isolated from the nasopharynx of 5-90% of healthy persons, depending on the population and setting
�Only 5-10% of adults without children are carriers
�Usually spread within a househo
Influenza
�A viral infection that attacks your respiratory system - your nose, throat, and lungs
�Is not the same as stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting
�Young <5
�Older >65
�Pregnant
�Weakened immune systems
�>40 BMI
�Droplet
Mumps
�A viral infection that primarily affects the parotid glands - one of three pairs of saliva-producing (salivary) glands
�Still occurs
�Swollen, painful salivary glands on one or both sides of your face (parotitis)
�Fever
�Headache
�Muscle ache
�Weakness a
Rubella
�AKA German measles
�Viral
�Rash
�Is not the same as measles (rubeola), though the two illnesses do share some characteristics, including the red rash
�Caused by a different virus than measles, and is neither as infectious nor usually as severe as measles
Adenovirus
�Common cause of respiratory illness, but most infections are not as severe
�Can cause cold-like symptoms, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, and pink eye (conjunctivitis)
�You can get an infection at any age, but infants and people with weaken
Rhinovirus
�Common cold
�Sore throat and runny nose are usually the first signs of a cold, followed by coughing and sneezing
�Most people recover in about 7-10 days without antibiotics
�Droplet
Vehicle
�Water-Borne
-Shigellosis
-Cholera
�Food-Borne
-Salmonellosis
-Hepatitis A
Airborne
�Aerosols
�Droplet nuclei
-Legionellosis
-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
-Varicella (chicken pox)
-Measles
-Smallpox
Vector-Borne
�Ticks and Mites
-Rickettsia
-Lyme disease
�Mosquitoes
-Malaria
�Fleas
-Bubonic plague
Temperature
Bacterial Growth
�Psychrophillic - 0-25 C
�Mesophillic - 30-40 C
�Thermophillic - 45-90 C
�Hyperthermophillic - 235 F
Pathogenic Bacteria
�Pathogens cause disease in humans and animals
�Examples:
-streptococcus
-staphylococcus
-clostridium
-mycobacterium
-pseudomonas
-salmonella
Rickettsiae
�Tiny intracellular parasites of arthropods and insects
�They are rod shaped organisms
�Have leaky cell walls and cannot exist outside of their host
�They are spread by infected eggs to the next generation
�These organisms cause:
-typhus
-Lyme disease
-Ro
Fungal Growth Requirements
�Fungi are spread by time spores releases into the air
�Most fungi prefer a temperature between 20-35 C
�The preferred pH is between 5.0 and 6.0 (acidic)
�Few types of fungi cause disease in man or animals
Coccidiomycosis
�Valley fever (dry soil) ari
Histoplasmosis
�Wet soil
�Bird
�Bat poop
Cryptococcosis
�Soil around trees
Aspergillosis
�Fungus ball
�AIDS indicator
�Cancer
Blastomycosis
�Great lakes
�Ohio valley
�Soil
Medications
�Amphoteracin B
�Fluconazole
�Ketoconazole
�Nystatin
�Miconazole
Viruses
�Smallest
�Require a host cell to reproduce
�DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat
�Parasites of animals, plants, people, microbes
�Cause various types of cancer
�Are not effected by antibiotics
�Many cause disease in man and animals
�Cannot survive withou
Lytic Cycle - Death
Early Infection
1. Virus attaches to the bacterium
2. Virus injects DNA into bacterium
3. Viral DNA uses cellular machinery to reproduce itself
Late Infection
4. Components of the viral protein coat are produced from genes in the viral DNA
5. Viral partic
Viral Diseases
�HIV
�Hepatitis
�Influenza
�RSV
�Common Cold
�Herpes
�Varicella (chicken pox/shingles)
Cancer Viruses
�Hepatitis virus - liver cancer
�HPV - cervical cancer
�Epstein - Barr virus (Hodgkins lymphoma)
�Kaposi's Associated Herpes virus - Kaposi's sarcoma
�Human T-Lymphottopic Virus - T cell leukemia (adults)
Prion Diseases
�BSE - bovine spongiform encephalopathy
-mad cow
-no nucleic acids
�Scrapie - BSE in sheep
�Kuru - human spongiform encephalopathy
-cannibalism
�CJD - human spongiform encephalopathy
-creutzfeldt Jakob disease
-protein prion
-blurred vision
-sudden jerky