Strep Throat
-Protein F:attaches to host cells
-M protein: interfere with phagocytosis
-Capsule: inhibits Phagocytosis (made of hyaluronic acid)
-protein G: binds to IgG & prevents opsonization
-Tissue degrading enzymes enhance spread
-Streptolysis O & S destroy WBC R
Diptheria
-Malaise & fatigue
-Whitish grey pseudomembrane forms on tonsils, throat, or nasal cavity
-can cause heart and kidney failure
-Lil invasive ability
-Exotoxin (A-B toxin)
- membrane may come loose and obstruct airway causing suffocation
-Inhalation, fomite
Colds
- nasal discharge (water, 1-2 days thickens)
-Rhinovirus
-Epithelial cells
-Virions released (infected cells cease ciliary action)
-Inflammatory mediators released
-Inhalation, mucous to nose or eyes
-Human only source
-No generally accepted treatment
Adenoviral respiratory tract infections
-pus on tonsils and throat
-swollen lymphs
-multiplies in epithelial cells
-cell destruction & inflammation
-Inhalation
-Humans ONLY reservoir
-VACCINE FOR MILITARY RECRUITS
-no treatment
Pneumococcal pneumonia
-cough w/ pinkish or rust colored sputum
-SINGLE intense chill
-rapid shallow breathing/ develop dusky dark color
-can enter bloodstream leading to: sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis
-inhalation
- INCREASED RISK: heart/lung disease, diabetes, cancer, 50+
-
Kelbsiella pneumonia
-REPEATED CHILLS
-thick bloody gelatinous sputum
-Throat 1st colonized
-lung can permanently be damaged
-capsule
-often enters bloodstream
-Common cause of fatal healthcare-associated pneumonia's
-highly fatal if left untreated
-NO VACCINE
-ANTIBIOTICS
Myoplasmal pneumonia
-GRADUAL ONSET
-muscle pain
-only few organisms inhaled to start infection
-attach to respiratory epithelium
-interfere with ciliary action
-ciliated cells slough off
-spread by AEROSOLIZED droplets
-peak in YOUNG PEOPLE
-immunity NOT permanent
-NO VACCIN
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
-Three stages
1. Catarrhal Stage: inflammation of mucous membranes
2. Paroxysmal: spasms, violent cough
3. Convalescent: no longer contagious
-Pertussis: Toxin (PTx) A-B toxin
-filamentous Hemagglutinin: necessary for colonization
-major increase of mucou
Tuberculosis
-asymptomatic
-primary or latent is non infectious
- chronic illness
-progressive weight loss
-night sweats
-children & immunocompromised
-Colonize alveoli: inflammation
-survive ingestion by macrophages
-few microorganisms to cause disese
-BCG vaccine NO
Legionnarie's
-muscle aches
-confusion
-shaking chills
-dry cough
-SOME GI SYMPTOMS
-Multiplies w/in phagocytosis
-tissue necrosis
-microabscesses
-most at risk: SMOKERS
-Inhalation: NOT PERSON TO PERSON
- aerosols- HUMIDIFIERS, AC, SHOWER AND WATER
-ANTIBIOTICS
Influenza
-muscle aches
-nasal congestion
-hemagglutinin attaches to certain receptors on ciliated epithelial cells, allow viral entry
-neuraminidase aids in formed virions
-inhalation
-ANTIGENIC SHIFT: pandemic, dramatic
-ANTIGENIC DRIFT: yearly outbreaks, minor m
RSV
-difficulty breathing
-sloughing of respiratory epithelium
-plugged bronchiules
-high risk secondary infections
-inhalation
-most SERIOUS of lower resp infections of: INFANTS AND CHILDREN
-no lasting immunity
-NO VACCINE
-NO TREATMENT
Hantavirus
-muscle aches (lower back)
-Nausea, vommiting, diarrhea
-shock & death
-Virus enters circulation
-Capillaries leak large amounts of plasma into lungs causing suffocation
-zoonosis
-EMERGING DISEASE
-WEST OF MISSISSIPPI
-NO TREATMENT
Scalded skin syndrome
-skin appears burned
-large blisters filled w/ fluid
-skin is tender/ peels easily
-sandpaper
-staphococcus aureus
-Oxfoliatin toxin: absorbed & carried by bloodstream
- split in cellular layer of epidermis
-person-to-person
-MOST FREQUENTLY IN NEWBORNS
-
impetigo
-MOST COMMON type of pyoderma
-CHARACTERIZED BY pus production
-oozing yellowisih
-drying plasma
-streptococcus pyogenes
-proteases degrade protein
-nucleases degrade nucleic acid
-capsule & M protein interfere with Phagocytosis
-PERSON TO PERSON/ FOMITES
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
-BEGINS SUDDENLY
-faint pink spots appear on palms and wrist
-bleeding may occur
-Rickettsia Rickettsii
-Tick saliva
-damages host cell membrane
-severe cases release endotoxin
-zoonosis
-Ticks most active April-September
-Highest incidence: South Alantic
Lyme Disease
-east coast
-early stages antibiotics
-late disease prolonged disease
Chickenpox (varcellia)
-red spots (macules) bumps (papules) small blisters (vesicels)
-zoster= shingles
-enters respiratory route
-TREATMENT: ACYCLOVIR & FAMCICLOVIR
-major threat to babies
-winter/spring
Measles (Rubeola)
-fine red rash on forehead
-upper resp epithelium
-KOPLIK SPOTS (salt)
German Measles (Rubella)
-enlarged lymphs behind ears, back of neck
-faint pink rash face chest abdomen
-entrs blood vierma
-READILY CROSSES PLACENTA
Staphylococcal wound infections
-pyogenic: cause of pus production
-STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS & EPIDERMIS
-STAPH AUREUS: protein A, alpha toxin, leukocidin, capsule, hyaluronidase, coagulase, capillaries.
-STAPH EPIDERMIS: cannot invade healthy tissue, stickes, colonizes medical devices
-St
Group A stretococcal flesh eaters
-overlying skin tense & discolored
-F protein : aids in colonization
-exotoxin
-M protein: interferes with phagocytosis
-necrotizing fascitis
-cases in US rare
-risk increases with diabetes, cancer, alcoholism, AIDS
-NO PREVENTATIVE
-TREATMENT: surgery
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
-GREEN PUS
-skin lesions
-septic shock
-exoS: prevents phagocytosis
-Phospolipase C: destroys lecithin
-exotoxin A: stops host cell protein
- GROWS WHERE MOISTURE IS
- NO TREATMENT
Tetanus (lock jaw)
-cramp like muscle spasms
-begins with jaw muscles
-can have seizures
-tetany
-abnormal heart rhythms
-bones may fracture
-CLOSTRIDIUM
-endospores
-Tetanospasmin (A-B exotoxins, often enters bloodstream)
-blocks action of inhibitory neurons: muscles conti
Gas Gangrene
-BEGINS ABRUPTLY
-thin bloody brownish fluid leaks from wound: frothy
-Clostridium perfringens
-alpha toxin kills WBC & tissue
-endospores
-collagenase and hyaluronidate break down host tissue
-widespread in soil
-INCREASED RISK: arteriosclerosis & diabet