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For a diseases to occur in a person,

-The host must be susceptible
-The immune system compromised
-An agent capable of transmitting a disease
must be present,
-The environment must be hospitable to the pathogen in terms of temperature, light, moisture and other requirements.

Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control

-Heredity
- Aging
- Environmental conditions
- Organism virulence and resistance

risk factors you can control

-stress
-nutrition
-fitness level
-sleep
-drug use
-personal hygiene
-high risk behaviors
-exposure to products and services that increase risks

How your body fights back to infections

-Immunity
-Antigens
-Antibodies
-Humoral immune response
-Cell-mediated immunity

immunity

Condition of being able to resist a disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease

Antigens

any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response

Antibodies

formation that is the result of our bodies' response to antigens

Humoral immune response -

body's major defense against many bacteria and
the poisonous substances they produce, called toxins.

Cell-mediated immunity

� Lymphocytes- population that develops and attacks the foreign invader (small are T and B cells)
� Macrophages- white blood cells within tissues that digest cellular debris and pathogens, in order to allow the creation of more lymphocytes that can respon

Lymphocytes

the population that develops and attacks the foreign invader (small are T and B cells)

Macrophages-

white blood cells within tissues that digest cellular debris and pathogens, in order to allow the creation of more lymphocytes that can respond to the pathogen.

Pathogen:

Disease-causing microorganism

Reservoir

natural environment of a pathogen

Means of transmission

Direct transmission
�Indirect transmission

indirect transmission

Vectors: Carrier of the pathogen from one host to another

Portal of entry

�Penetration of the skin
�Inhalation through mouth or nose
�Ingestion

Routes of Transmission

direct contact
indirect contact
Autoinoculation
Animal-borne pathogens
Interspecies transmission

Autoinoculation

transmit from one part of the body to another

Physical and Chemical Defenses: Your Body Responds

-Skin (Most critical early defense system)
-Pathogens enter through the skin only when cracks or breaks occur
-Enzymes and secretions
-Linings of the body
-Immune system defenses

The Body's Defenses against Disease-Causing Pathogens

-tears
-stomach
-bladder
-immune system
-saliva
-skin
-respiratory tract
-large intestine

Incubation period

Viruses and bacteria are actively multiplying. you Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle

Prodromal period

Symptoms first appear
-Symptoms often due to the immune response, not the illness

Cytokines:

Chemical messengers released by cells to amplify and coordinate immune response, cause fever

Immunocompromised

Having an immune system that is impaired, greater chance that pathogens will make you sick

The inflammatory response

-Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels, heat,
redness, and swelling
-Draws white blood cells to the area to attack invaders

The immune response

-Natural (innate) response
-Acquired (adaptive) response
-Response has four specific phases

Epidemic:

Rapidly spreading disease or health-related concern

Pandemic:

a widespread epidemic

Immunization

process of priming 'the body to
remember an encounter with a specific antigen

Vaccine:

Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate
the body to produce antibodies

Active immunity:

Person produces his or her own antibodies to the
microorganism

allergies result from what?

a hypersensitive and overactive immune system

Allergens

Substances that provoke response

the allergic response

Production of immunoglobulin E antibody (IgE)
�Histamine: Released by mast cells, causes inflammatory response
�Anaphylaxis: Most serious, but rare, kind of allergic reaction

how should you deal with allergies?

-avoidance
-Medication (Antihistamine-Benadryl)
-Immunotherapy

Autoimmune Diseases

- Body targets its own tissue and attempts to destroy it - Immune deficiency syndrome
- Common autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), and multiple sclerosis

4 signs of inflammation are

redness, swelling, pain and heat

what is a common sign of infection

high fever

High temperatures can destroy what?

some disease-causing organisms

Pain most often accompanied by what?

inflammation

examples of 5 major types of pathogens

bacteria
fungi
protozoan
parasitic worm
viruses

some types of pathogens

bacteria
superbugs
Ricksettia
Tickborne bacteria

bacteria

single-celled organisms
KNOW: 3 main types are Cocci, bacilli and spirilla

Diseases caused by bacteria are easily treated with

antibiotics

Superbugs

antibiotic resistant bacteria

some superbugs are:

-Staphylococcal infections (skin)
-Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
-Streptococcal infections

Staphylococcal infections (skin) cause

acne, boils, styes or infected wounds

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -

dangerous resistant form of staph

Streptococcal infections

(strep throat, scarlet fever, "flesh-eating strep

Some Bacterial diseases are:

-Meningitis
-Pneumonia
-Tuberculosis (TB)
-Tickborne bacterial diseases
-Ricksettia

-Meningitis

infection and inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Pneumonia -

one of the most common forms is bacterial and easily treated with antibiotics

-Tuberculosis (TB)

a bacterial disease that was a leading cause of death in the 1900s but has been controlled
THERE ARE TWO TYPES:
� Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)
� Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB)

Tickborne bacterial diseases

Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis

Ricksettia

a small tickborne bacteria like those that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus

viruses are

Parasites taking what they need for growth and reproduction, can't reproduce by themselves, need host

Most common form of contagious disease

The common cold
�Influenza
�Chicken pox, cold sores, and other herpes virus infections
�Viral hepatitis
-Jaundice
�Human papillomavirus (HPV)

how do we treat viral illnesses

- Antiviral drugs
-or Most viral diseases must simply run their course

examples of Fungi

Candidiasis (Yeast infections),
athlete's foot,
jock itch,
and ringworm

Protozoa

Microscopic single-celled organism
EXAMPLES OF P_______A ARE:
- Malaria,
giardiasis,
trichomoniasis,
trypanosomiasis,
and amoebic dysentar

Parasitic worms

Largest organisms that can enter the body to cause infection
EXAMPLES ARE
- Tapeworm and pinworm

Prions

- Proteinaceous infectious particles
- Linked to fatal degenerative disorders of the CNS
- Lack DNA and RNA and consist only of protein
- Do not trigger an immune response
- Form deposits in the brain
- Associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopa

Within the past decades, rates of infectious disease have rapidly ____________.

increased.

Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections

� Drug resistance
� Poverty
� Breakdown of public health measures
� Environmental events
� Travel and commerce
� Mass food production and distribution
� Human behaviors
� Bioterrorism

Supporting Your Immune System

� Maintain a balanced diet and a healthy weight
� Get enough sleep (eight hours a night)
� Exercise, but not when you're sick
� Don't smoke
� Use moderation with alcohol
� Wash your hands frequently
� Avoid contact with contagious people
� Practice safe s

reduce risk of infectious disease

�stress less
�exercise regularly
�get enough sleep
�limit exposure to pathogens
�optimize eating
-more omega 3's, antioxidants, less alcohol, �balanced diet

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