For a diseases to occur in a person,
-The host must be susceptible
-The immune system compromised
-An agent capable of transmitting a disease
must be present,
-The environment must be hospitable to the pathogen in terms of temperature, light, moisture and other requirements.
Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control
-Heredity
- Aging
- Environmental conditions
- Organism virulence and resistance
risk factors you can control
-stress
-nutrition
-fitness level
-sleep
-drug use
-personal hygiene
-high risk behaviors
-exposure to products and services that increase risks
How your body fights back to infections
-Immunity
-Antigens
-Antibodies
-Humoral immune response
-Cell-mediated immunity
immunity
Condition of being able to resist a disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease
Antigens
any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response
Antibodies
formation that is the result of our bodies' response to antigens
Humoral immune response -
body's major defense against many bacteria and
the poisonous substances they produce, called toxins.
Cell-mediated immunity
� Lymphocytes- population that develops and attacks the foreign invader (small are T and B cells)
� Macrophages- white blood cells within tissues that digest cellular debris and pathogens, in order to allow the creation of more lymphocytes that can respon
Lymphocytes
the population that develops and attacks the foreign invader (small are T and B cells)
Macrophages-
white blood cells within tissues that digest cellular debris and pathogens, in order to allow the creation of more lymphocytes that can respond to the pathogen.
Pathogen:
Disease-causing microorganism
Reservoir
natural environment of a pathogen
Means of transmission
Direct transmission
�Indirect transmission
indirect transmission
Vectors: Carrier of the pathogen from one host to another
Portal of entry
�Penetration of the skin
�Inhalation through mouth or nose
�Ingestion
Routes of Transmission
direct contact
indirect contact
Autoinoculation
Animal-borne pathogens
Interspecies transmission
Autoinoculation
transmit from one part of the body to another
Physical and Chemical Defenses: Your Body Responds
-Skin (Most critical early defense system)
-Pathogens enter through the skin only when cracks or breaks occur
-Enzymes and secretions
-Linings of the body
-Immune system defenses
The Body's Defenses against Disease-Causing Pathogens
-tears
-stomach
-bladder
-immune system
-saliva
-skin
-respiratory tract
-large intestine
Incubation period
Viruses and bacteria are actively multiplying. you Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle
Prodromal period
Symptoms first appear
-Symptoms often due to the immune response, not the illness
Cytokines:
Chemical messengers released by cells to amplify and coordinate immune response, cause fever
Immunocompromised
Having an immune system that is impaired, greater chance that pathogens will make you sick
The inflammatory response
-Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels, heat,
redness, and swelling
-Draws white blood cells to the area to attack invaders
The immune response
-Natural (innate) response
-Acquired (adaptive) response
-Response has four specific phases
Epidemic:
Rapidly spreading disease or health-related concern
Pandemic:
a widespread epidemic
Immunization
process of priming 'the body to
remember an encounter with a specific antigen
Vaccine:
Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate
the body to produce antibodies
Active immunity:
Person produces his or her own antibodies to the
microorganism
allergies result from what?
a hypersensitive and overactive immune system
Allergens
Substances that provoke response
the allergic response
Production of immunoglobulin E antibody (IgE)
�Histamine: Released by mast cells, causes inflammatory response
�Anaphylaxis: Most serious, but rare, kind of allergic reaction
how should you deal with allergies?
-avoidance
-Medication (Antihistamine-Benadryl)
-Immunotherapy
Autoimmune Diseases
- Body targets its own tissue and attempts to destroy it - Immune deficiency syndrome
- Common autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), and multiple sclerosis
4 signs of inflammation are
redness, swelling, pain and heat
what is a common sign of infection
high fever
High temperatures can destroy what?
some disease-causing organisms
Pain most often accompanied by what?
inflammation
examples of 5 major types of pathogens
bacteria
fungi
protozoan
parasitic worm
viruses
some types of pathogens
bacteria
superbugs
Ricksettia
Tickborne bacteria
bacteria
single-celled organisms
KNOW: 3 main types are Cocci, bacilli and spirilla
Diseases caused by bacteria are easily treated with
antibiotics
Superbugs
antibiotic resistant bacteria
some superbugs are:
-Staphylococcal infections (skin)
-Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
-Streptococcal infections
Staphylococcal infections (skin) cause
acne, boils, styes or infected wounds
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -
dangerous resistant form of staph
Streptococcal infections
(strep throat, scarlet fever, "flesh-eating strep
Some Bacterial diseases are:
-Meningitis
-Pneumonia
-Tuberculosis (TB)
-Tickborne bacterial diseases
-Ricksettia
-Meningitis
infection and inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Pneumonia -
one of the most common forms is bacterial and easily treated with antibiotics
-Tuberculosis (TB)
a bacterial disease that was a leading cause of death in the 1900s but has been controlled
THERE ARE TWO TYPES:
� Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)
� Extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB)
Tickborne bacterial diseases
Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis
Ricksettia
a small tickborne bacteria like those that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus
viruses are
Parasites taking what they need for growth and reproduction, can't reproduce by themselves, need host
Most common form of contagious disease
The common cold
�Influenza
�Chicken pox, cold sores, and other herpes virus infections
�Viral hepatitis
-Jaundice
�Human papillomavirus (HPV)
how do we treat viral illnesses
- Antiviral drugs
-or Most viral diseases must simply run their course
examples of Fungi
Candidiasis (Yeast infections),
athlete's foot,
jock itch,
and ringworm
Protozoa
Microscopic single-celled organism
EXAMPLES OF P_______A ARE:
- Malaria,
giardiasis,
trichomoniasis,
trypanosomiasis,
and amoebic dysentar
Parasitic worms
Largest organisms that can enter the body to cause infection
EXAMPLES ARE
- Tapeworm and pinworm
Prions
- Proteinaceous infectious particles
- Linked to fatal degenerative disorders of the CNS
- Lack DNA and RNA and consist only of protein
- Do not trigger an immune response
- Form deposits in the brain
- Associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopa
Within the past decades, rates of infectious disease have rapidly ____________.
increased.
Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections
� Drug resistance
� Poverty
� Breakdown of public health measures
� Environmental events
� Travel and commerce
� Mass food production and distribution
� Human behaviors
� Bioterrorism
Supporting Your Immune System
� Maintain a balanced diet and a healthy weight
� Get enough sleep (eight hours a night)
� Exercise, but not when you're sick
� Don't smoke
� Use moderation with alcohol
� Wash your hands frequently
� Avoid contact with contagious people
� Practice safe s
reduce risk of infectious disease
�stress less
�exercise regularly
�get enough sleep
�limit exposure to pathogens
�optimize eating
-more omega 3's, antioxidants, less alcohol, �balanced diet
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