Biotechnology
biotech") is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts.
bacteria is in
food, medicine, body,and environment
Prokaryotes
group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus
Eukaryotes
an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes, cell wall
Pasteur's Swan-Neck Flask experiment
in straight tube , bugs got in and grew, in curved tub bugs got caught and were unable to get to the specimen and grow
Koch's postulates
our criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease.1.The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
2.The microorganis
Scientific nomenclature
...The full specific name, genus plus species--The Latin-derived scientific names are capitalized except for the specific and subspecific names. The generic, specific, and subspecific names are underlined or italicized.
Sterile
clean, disinfected area
Viruses
is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms
Bacteria
prokayotic ( no nucleus) , 3 shapes - bacillus, coccus, or spiral, pairs, clusters, or chains, binary fission, varied nutritional requirements
Fungi
is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds
Acids
dissociate into h+ ion and anion
Bases
dissociate into oh ( hydroxl) ion
pH scale
measures acidity or alkalinity
enzymes
are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions
organic compounds proteins carbohydrates
...Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.
3 types of organic compounds
proteins carbohydrates,lipids, & nucleic acids
4 types of reaction types
dehydration synthesis, reversible, exchange, and hydrolysis
reaction types dehydration synthesis
take h20 away
reaction types exchange
...give to
reaction types hydrolysis
...rehydrate
ATP
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme
Ions
...is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.
Agar
is a solidifies
Pure culture
originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another.
Mixed culture
to mix, colere, to cultivate a laboratory culture that contains two or more different strains of organisms
Contaminated culture
a bacterial culture that has acquired unwanted foreign microorganisms.
2 things oxygen require
(aerobes, anaerobes)
Oxygen requirements aerobes
a microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free oxygen
Oxygen requirements anaerobes
an organism that lives and grows in the absence of molecular oxygen
Manitol Salt Agar
is a commonly used growth medium in microbiology
Fastidious organisms
a bacterial organism with precise nutritional and environmental requirements.
Microaerophilic
...is a microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere (~20% concentration). Many microphiles are also capnophiles, as they require an elevated concentration of
Autotrophic
...is an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). They are the producers in a
Sex pilus
...is often used interchangeably with fimbria, but may be used specifically to mean sex pilus (in which case fimbria then denotes common pilus).
Function of organelles
...Organelles are small structures within cells that perform dedicated functions. As the name implies, you can think of organelles as small organs. There are a dozen different types of organelles commonly found in eukaryotic cells. In this course we will
Mycolic acid
...are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis. They form the major component of the cell wall of mycolata species. Despi
Mycobacteria
...is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae).[1] The Greek pref
Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls
...also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.
Endospores
...is a dormant, tough, and temporarily non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.[1] The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form (endo means within), but it is not a true spore (i.e. not an offs
2 types of serology
antibodies and antigens
Serology -Antibodies
...is the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum.
Serology -Antigens
...
Gracilicutes
...is a controversial taxon in Bacterial taxonomy.
Traditionally Gram staining results were most commonly used as a classification tool, consequently until the advent of molecular phylogeny, the Kingdom Prokaryotae (as the domain Bacteria was known then)
Firmicutes
...are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. A few, however, such as Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Selenomonas and
Tenericutes
.is a phylum of bacteria that contains the Class Mollicutes...
Mendosicutes
...atypically staining strains now classified as cyanobacteria in the domain Archaea; Further developments essentially based on this scheme included comparisons
Biofilms
...is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced
Gram Stain�how to
...A staining technique used to classify bacteria in which a bacterial specimen is first stained with crystal violet, then treated with an iodine solution, decolorized with alcohol, and counterstained with safranine. Gram-positive bacteria retain the viol
Fungi characteristics
...is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds,
Helminths
...Parasitic worms, often referred to as helminths are a division of eukaryotic parasites. They are worm-like organisms that live and feed off living hosts,
Cryptosporidium
...is a protozoan that can cause gastro-intestinal illness with diarrhea in humans.
Virus cultivation
... primary culture is defined as the original plating of cells from a tissue, grown to a confluent monolayer, without subculturing
DNA viruses
..genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but may also be single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification s
RNA viruses
...] This nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), but may be double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).[2] The ICTV classifies RNA viruses as those that belong to Group III, Group IV or Group V of the Baltimore classification system of classifying viruses,
Latent
...hidden: present or existing, but in an underdeveloped or unexpressed form
dormant: dormant or undeveloped but able to develop normally under suitable conditions
present but unexpressed: present in the unconscious but not consciously expressed
Lysogenic
is one of two methods of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle is the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome
Lytic
...is one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle is typically considered the main method of viral
Prions
...infectious protein particle: an infectious particle of protein that, unlike a virus, contains no nucleic acid, does not trigger an immune response, and is not destroyed by extreme heat or cold.
Oncogenic viruses
...is a virus that can cause cancer. This term originated from studies of acutely-transforming retroviruses in the 1950-60s, often called oncornaviruses to denote their RNA virus origin. It now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNA genome causing cancer a
Viroids
...are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA without the protein
Bacteriophages
...A virus that infects and lyses certain bacteria.
Reverse transcriptase
...is a common name for an enzyme that functions as a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. They are encoded by retroviruses, where they copy the viral RNA ...
Viral nucleic acids
...in the form of RNA and DNA from infected cells or allantoic fluid.
Mycoses
...in humans and domestic animals, a disease caused by any fungus that invades the tissues, causing superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic disease. Superficial fungal infections
Archea
...are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon (sometimes spelled "archeon"). They have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles within their cells.
Bonding elec trons
...in a molecule or ion will, on average, be closer to the more electronegative atom more frequently than the less electronegative one,
Taxonomic groups
...used in scientific classification from most general to most specific are: Domain; Kingdom; Phylum (animals) or Division
Binary fission
...A method of asexual reproduction that involves the splitting of a parent cell into two approximately equal parts.
Primary structure of proteins
... is determined by the gene corresponding to the protein. A specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA is transcribed into mRNA,
secondary structure of proteins
...is the general three-dimensional form of local segments of biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). It does not, however, describe specific atomic positions in three-dimensional space, which are considered to be tertiary structure.
tertiary structure of proteins
...refers to three-dimensional structure of a single protein molecule. The alpha-helices and beta-sheets are folded into a compact globule.
quaternary structure of proteins
...involves the clustering of several individual peptide or protein chains into a final specific shape
Capsule
...is a very large structure of some prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells. It is a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria. It is a well organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases
phagocytosis
...process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles.
Emerging diseases
...is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
History leeuwenhoek
developed microscope, aw animalcules
History crick
DNA helix thanks to Rosaline Franklin, Nobel prize winner with associate Watson
History pasteur
milk, microbes found in air , challenged spontaneous theory,microbes cause fermintation and spoilage, developed aseptic technique, developed rabies vaccine, roll of yeast in fernintation
History lister
mouth wash, aseptic technique first introduced technique in ordeer to reduce microbes in medical setting to prevent wound infections
History jenner
notice milk maids did not get sick
History koch
verified gene theory
In 1864 Lister observed that patients recovered completely from simple fractures, but compound fractures had "disastrous consequences". He knew that the application of phenol (carbolic acid) to fields in the town of Carlile prevented cattle disease. In 18
...Lister was a professor of surgery at the University of Glasgow, when he read a paper by Louis Pasteur showing that rotting occurs when micro-organisms were present. Pasteur "busted" the myth that rotting was a spontaneous process; he proved that germs
A sputum sample from Calle, a 30 year old Asian elephant, was smeared onto a slide and air dried. The smear was fixed, covered with carbolfuchsin, and heated for 5 minutes. After washing with water, acid-alcohol was placed on the smear for 30 seconds. Fin
...Ebola or African Sleeping Sickness.,Well, this is an acid fast test or Zeihl-Neelsen staining is a test for Mycobacterium.
The test is positive for tuberculosis, a severe respiratory infection.
It can also test if the patient has leprosy but in cases o
. Discus biofilms with regard to their formation, unique properties, and significance to the environment and the human body. Explain how a biofilm differs from a typical bacterial colony growing on a nutrient agar medium.
...
A contaminated food sample contains several different species of bacteria. A food microbiologist is interested in studying just one of these species. Describe the sequence of procedures that the microbiologist must perform in order to obtain a pure cultur
...The scientist would use a sterile loop to collect the bacteria. It would then be spread over an appropriate growth medium (one that will grow the desired bacteria), and incubated. Once colonies are visible on the first plate, then the scientist could u
Clostridium botulinum is a strict anaerobe; that is, it is killed by the molecular oxygen present in air. Humans can die of botulism from eating foods in which C. botullinum is g4rowing. How does this bacterium survive on plants picked for human consumpti
...Typically humans do not die from infection by the bacteria. In fact, by the time the food is consumed the bacteria is usually dead. During bacterial growth, a toxin is produced. This toxin is among the most toxic substances known.
The bacteria grow in
Bacteriophages are used as vectors in genetic engineering to insert new genes into bacteria. Describe the process that makes this genetic recombination possible.
...Viral lysogeny. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral genetic material can become embedded in the host's chromosome -- and with it, any new genes that were put into the virus. In this "prophage" form, the viral DNA is replicated along with the host DNA, an
Nucleus
This is where the DNA is kept and RNA is transcribed. RNA is transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores. Proteins needed inside the nucleus are transported in through the nuclear pores. The nucleolus is usually visible as a dark spot in the
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis , where RNA is translated into protein. Protein synthesis is extremely important to cells, and so large numbers of ribosomes are found throughout cells (often numbering in the hundreds or thousands). Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are the sites of aerobic respiration, and generally are the major energy production center in eukaryotes. Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner and an outer, clearly visible in this electron microscope photo of a
Chloroplasts
These organelles are the site of photosynthesis in plants and other photosynthesizing organisms. They also have a double membrane. There is a more complete description of the chloroplast here, in the chapter on photosynthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
The ER is the transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific final destinations, as opposed to molecules that are destined to float freely in the cytoplasm. There are two types of ER, rough and smooth. Rough ER has ribosom
Golgi apparatus
This organelle modifies molecules and packages them into small membrane bound sacs called vesicles. These sacs can be targetted at various locations in the cell and even to its exterior.
Lysosome
This organelle digests waste materials and food within the cell, breaking down molecules into their base components with strong digestive enzymes . Here we can see an advantage of the compartmentalization of the eukaryotic cell: the cell could not support
organic matter
- cabons - ammnion acid ( nitrogen is in organic matter and carbon-- ( nitrogen in air has lipid, ,protein, nuclayic acid, and carbs.
algae and cyandacytes have
o2
fixed nitrogen
take from 1 place and put in another
how does bacteria divide
binary fission
treponema pallidum
causes spirocytes - syphillis uses imminoflurerescence to identify
fastidious
picky eater
borrelia burgdorphi
causes lime disease
what does fimriae look like
small circle plasmids
mycetae
study of fungi
hyphae
long filaments