The urethra is normally axenic.
Bacteria frequently reside in the urethra, particularly the distal end.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the normal microbiota of the urinary and reproductive systems?
The relative proportions of different species of normal microbiota in the vagina will be different at different times of the menstrual cycle.
Prepubescent girls are more likely to get vaginal infections than teenagers.
The urethra is normally axenic.
Lactobacilli are primarily responsible for creating the acidic pH in the vagina.
Growth of opportunistic pathogens would increase.
What would you expect to happen to the vaginal microbiota of a patient with a defect in estrogen production?
Growth of normal microbiota would increase.
Growth of opportunistic pathogens would increase.
Growth of opportunistic pathogens would decrease.
The vagina would become axenic.
ureter
Which structure connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?
urethra
loop of Henle
renal medulla
ureter
urethra
Because the __________ is shorter in females than in males, it can be a portal of entry for pathogens.
placenta
The fetus absorbs nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream through the __________.
the nephron
Where in the kidney is blood initially filtered to form urine?
efferent arterioles
the renal capsule
the nephron
the collecting duct
the renal pyramids
False
The normal microbiota of the vagina help maintain a vaginal pH of around 7.5.
True
False
True
The urethra is the only part of the urinary system in which one would expect to find normal microbiota.
True
False
glomerulonephritis
When certain strains of group A Streptococcus infect an individual, sometimes antibody-antigen complexes accumulate in the kidneys. This disease is called _____.
glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis
leptospirosis
cystitis
Leptospira interrogans
This organism infects the urinary tract, so is not likely to be passed to a fetus or newborn.
Which of these pathogens can NOT be transmitted congenitally or from mother to baby during childbirth?
Leptospira interrogans
Chlamydia trachomatis
human herpesvirus 2
Treponema pallidum
UTIs are more common in men than in women
The female urethra is shorter and closer to the anus, so it is more likely that women will contract UTIs.
All of the following are characteristic of UTIs, EXCEPT _____.
UTIs are more common in men than in women
dysuria is the most common symptom of a UTI
the presence of flagella and fimbriae make it easier for bacterium to cause a UTI
enteric bacteria, such as E. coli, are the most common cause of UTIs
insertion of a urinary catheter
Which of the following would you expect to increase the likelihood of cystitis?
consuming more than 4 liters of fluid daily
treatment with long-term antibiotics
being a male
insertion of a urinary catheter
pyelonephritis
A bacterial infection, __________ is characterized by fever, fatigue, vomiting and back or flank pain.
Dysuria
__________ is the frequent, urgent, and painful urination that often results from urinary tract infections.
Enteric
__________ bacteria are Gram-negative pathogens, such as E. coli, that are a common cause of urinary tract infections.
3 years old
At what age is a young female most susceptible to urinary tract infections?
18 years old
at birth
12 years old
10 years old
3 years old
cystitis.
Microbial infection of the bladder is called
ectopic.
prostatitis.
bacteriosis.
pyelonephritis.
cystitis.
infected animal urine
Which of the following transmits leptospirosis?
droplet nuclei
humans infected with leptospirosis
infected animal feces
infected animal urine
infected animal bites
True
Mental confusion is often the only sign of a urinary tract infection in elderly patients.
True
False
chlamydial infections
All of the following are nonvenereal diseases, EXCEPT _____.
vaginosis
chlamydial infections
staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
candidiasis
S. aureus
Which organism causes toxic shock syndrome?
C. albicans
M. hominis
S. aureus
S. pyogenes
None of these symptoms (pain, swelling, inflammation, heat) would be expected with bacterial vaginosis
Which of the following symptoms would you expect with bacterial vaginosis?
heat
None of these symptoms (pain, swelling, inflammation, heat) would be expected with bacterial vaginosis.
inflammation
swelling
pain
pain, swelling, inflammation, and heat
nonvenereal
Diseases of the reproductive system that are not typically transmitted sexually are called __________ diseases.
nonvenereal
candidiasis
The yeast infection __________ can become systemic in AIDS patients.
menstruating women.
The majority of cases of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome occur in
newly delivered mothers.
menstruating women.
nasal surgery patients.
uncircumcised males.
anyone with a Staphylococcus aureus infection.
the presence of clue cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of bacterial vaginosis frequently used to confirm diagnosis?
fever and rash.
an abnormal vaginal discharge.
an acidic vaginal pH.
the presence of buboes
the presence of clue cells
yeast
What type of infection is candidiasis?
viral
bacterial
protozoan
yeast
spirochete
pseudohyphae
Which of the following is associated with Candida infections?
gummas
pelvic inflammatory disease
reticulate bodies
pseudohyphae
lymphogranuloma venereum
True
The risk of developing toxic shock syndrome is increased by the use of super-absorbent tampons.
True
False
ovaries
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term for inflammation and pain in the uterus, uterine tubes, or __________.
Syphilis is caused by a Gram-positive bacillus.
Syphilis is caused by a Gram-negative spirochete.
Which of the following is NOT true of syphilis?
Some infected individuals only experience the primary stage of the disease.
Syphilis is caused by a Gram-positive bacillus.
A rash is a typical sign of secondary syphilis.
The bacterium that causes syphilis cannot survive for a long time on surfaces outside the host.
gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoea, a Gram-negative diplococcus. The signs and symptoms also match those of gonorrhea.
A college student visits his physician, complaining of painful urination and a pus-filled discharge from his penis. Examination of that discharge revealed Gram-negative diplococci. What is the likely diagnosis?
trichomoniasis
gonorrhea
syphilis
genital warts
C. trachomatis
What is the most common sexually transmitted bacterium?
N. gonorrhoeae
C. trachomatis
T. pallidum
S. aureus
decreased ability to infect
What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates N. gonorrhoeae's genes for fimbriae?
antibiotic resistance
decreased ability to infect
increased immune recognition
increased ability to infect
penicillin G
The drug of choice for treating primary and secondary syphilis is __________.
proctitis
When chlamydias spread from the genitalia to the rectum, they can cause an inflammatory process called __________.
chancroid
Buboes are a major sign that appears in half of all patients with __________, a disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.
sterility.
Untreated infection of males with Neisseria gonorrhoeae may result in
penile cancer.
glomerulonephritis.
gummas.
orchitis.
sterility.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Ophthalmia neonatorum is an infection caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Gardnerella vaginalis.
Candida albicans.
Treponema pallidum.
Staphylococcus aureus.
The causative agent can grow on most mucous membranes of the body.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gonorrhea?
Women usually experience severe symptoms early in infection.
Gonorrhea produces good long-term specific immunity.
Asymptomatic infections have no long-term consequences.
The causative agent can grow on most mucous membranes of the body.
It is easily confused with chancroid.
the cervix
Neisseria gonorrhoeae most commonly infects which of the following in females?
the ovaries
the fallopian tubes
the uterus
the vagina
the cervix
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
The presence of Gram-negative diplococci in pus from an inflamed penis is diagnostic for infection by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Treponema pallidum.
human herpesvirus 2.
Mycoplasma hominis.
Chlamydia trachomatis.
a chancre at the site of infection.
The typical sign of primary syphilis is
a widespread rash.
gummas in various organs.
lymphadenopathy.
a chancre at the site of infection.
paralysis.
the MHA-TP test.
Diagnosis of syphilis is usually made by
DNA probes.
a Pap smear.
the MHA-TP test.
culturing specimens on laboratory media.
microscopic evaluation of stained specimens.
both by sexual contact and from mother to fetus.
Syphilis can be transmitted
by sexual contact.
from mother to fetus.
by fomites.
both by sexual contact and from mother to fetus.
by sexual contact, by fomites, and from mother to fetus.
lymph nodes, lungs, and conjunctiva
In addition to the genital tract, various strains of Chlamydia trachomatis can infect which of the following?
the lungs
lymph nodes
lymph nodes, lungs, and conjunctiva
lymph nodes and conjunctiva
the conjunctiva
Chlamydia trachomatis.
A young adult shows up at a free clinic complaining of painful swellings in the groin. The young woman has a history of occasional casual sex, but denies noticing any genital sores or experiencing painful urination. The young woman is most likely infected with
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Treponema pallidum.
Trichomonas vaginalis.
Haemophilus ducreyi.
Chlamydia trachomatis.
chlamydia
Which of the following can mimic gonorrhea infections?
candidiasis
chlamydia
syphilis
chancroid
trichomoniasis
false
Gonorrhea in women is always asymptomatic.
True
False
true
Clinical manifestations of chlamydia infections arise primarily from an inflammatory response to the destruction of infected cells.
True
False
genital warts
Genital warts are caused by papillomavirus and are usually treated by removal, rather than antibiotic therapy.
Which of the following is least likely to be treated with an antibiotic?
chlamydial infections
genital warts
chancroid
syphilis
when having sexual intercourse, always wearing a condom, and washing hands frequently, especially after touching a lesion
Even asymptomatic individuals can transmit the virus. And it can be transmitted with the hands to other body parts, including the mou
A 28-year-old male, who is married and the father of two young children, has been diagnosed with genital herpes. What should his doctor recommend?
using a condom when lesions are present
washing his hands after touching any lesions
a prescription for daily penicillin for the next year
when having sexual intercourse, always wearing a condom, and washing hands frequently, especially after touching a lesion
papillomaviruses
Which virus causes genital warts?
HSV
papillomaviruses
hepatitis viruses
adenoviruses
detection of herpesvirus DNA by PCR.
A diagnosis of genital herpes is confirmed by the
binding of fluorescent antibodies.
appearance and size of herpetic lesions.
detection of herpesvirus DNA by PCR.
location of herpetic lesions.
appearance of stained tissue specimens
Acyclovir is effective in reducing the occurrence of lesions, but is not a cure.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding genital herpes?
Herpes can be prevented using vaginal spermicidal creams.
It can only be transmitted when lesions are evident.
There is an effective vaccine to prevent infection.
Acyclovir is effective in reducing the occurrence of lesions, but is not a cure.
Re-appearance of lesions is the result of new infections
cervical cancer.
Pap smears are used in the diagnosis of
chancroid.
cervical cancer.
tertiary syphilis.
genital herpes.
trichomoniasis.
papillomaviruses
Condylomata acuminata are associated with infections of which of the following?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
papillomaviruses
Trichomonas vaginalis
human herpesvirus 1
human herpesvirus 2
False
Genital herpes and genital warts are both caused by human herpesviruses .
True
False
False
A whitlow is the result of human papillomavirus infection of the skin of the hand.
True
False
trichomoniasis
A woman visits her gynecologist, complaining of vaginal discharge, irritation, and pain during intercourse. Upon examination, her doctor observes a yellowish-green color to the discharge and a foul-smelling odor (but not "fishy" smelling.) What disease does the woman most likely have?
bacterial vaginosis
gonorrhea
trichomoniasis
candidiasis
fermentation of sugars
How do vaginal microbiota slow/prevent reproduction of T. vaginalis?
production of antibiotics
fermentation of sugars
production of a biofilm that prevents attachment
normal microbiota unable to prevent/slow growth of this organism
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which of the following is the cause of the most common curable STD in women?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Trichomonas vaginalis
human herpesvirus 2
Gardnerella vaginalis
Haemophilus ducreyi
cannot live long outside the body.
Trichomonas vaginalis is usually transmitted via sexual intercourse because it
participates with HIV in coinfections.
penetrates cells lining the genitourinary tract.
produces cysts that germinate in the vagina.
cannot live long outside the body.
requires a growth factor found only in the vagina
He could have practiced sexual abstinence.
Avoiding sexual contact, genital and/or oral, with someone suspected of being infected with HHV-2 will prevent infection.
If Jordan had wanted to prevent becoming infected with human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2), what could he have done?
He could have been vaccinated against the virus.
He could have taken an antiviral medication, such as acyclovir or valaciclovir.
He could have practiced sexual abstinence.
He could have had an STD screening test.
In a nerve cell
The viral DNA hides out as a circular molecule in the nerve cell nucleus.
After Jordan's primary infection with HHV-2, he can experience recurring genital lesions every few months. Where is the virus "hiding" between these reappearing outbreaks?
In his skin
In white blood cells circulating in his blood
In a nerve cell
Under the mucous membrane of his genital tract
Emotional stress
Emotional stress suppresses the immune cells responsible for keeping HSV-2 at bay.
Occasionally Jordan will experience recurrences of genital herpes lesions. Which of the following might trigger reactivation of HHV-2 and new genital lesions?
Taking aspirin or ibuprofen
Emotional stress
Smoking
Sexual abstinence