Catobolism from Anabolism
CATOBLISM: chemical reactions thats the breakdown of more complex ORGANIC molecules to simpler substances. RELEASE ENERGY
-Hydrolytic reactions: use h20 where chemical reactions are BROKEN
-EXERGONIC: produce MORE energy then they consume
-EX: cells break
How is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism?
ATP is used for coupling between catabolism & anabolism. During canabolism ATP is transfered and trapped and rest is given off as heat. During Anabolism, ATP provides energy for synthesis and AGAIN energy is given off as heat
Metabolism defined
the SUM of all chemical reactions within a living organism. An energy balancing act- those that release energy or those that require energy
Reaction equations
ATP---->ADP + P+energy
energy from catobolic reaction combones ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP:
ADP+P+energy----->ATP
anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown & catablic reaction are coupled to ATP synthesis
WHat is a cells metabolic pathway determined by?
ITs enzymes which are determined by the cells genetic makeup
What is a coenzyme?
Enzymes consit most of proteins:apoenzyme & a NONproteins:cofactor. If the cofactor is an ORGANIC molecule it i called a COENZYME
-EX: NAD(cat)+ &NADP+(ana) FMN,FAD,CoA
-they mostly come from vitamins
Why is enzyme specificity important?
bc they lower the actication energy if chemical reactions. Active site, enzyme-substrate complex. enzymes have SPECIFITY for certain substrates.
Ex: specific enzyme can hydrolyze a peptide bond bw 2 specific amino acids
What happens to an enzyme below its optimal temperature? Above its optimal temperature?
-OPtimimal TEMP: 35-40C.
-rate of reactions declines and DENATURES (looses its charecterisics) above. when its below rate of reactins DECREASES until it reaches its optimal temperature
Why is feedback inhibition noncompetitive inhibition?
bc it stops the cell from making more of a substance then it needs and stops wasting chemical resources. It stops the first enzyme therefor stopping the rest in line and no new prouct is formed.
EX: e.coli
Whats a ribozome?
FUnction as CATLAYSTS.- have active sites that bind to substrates and not used up in chem. reactions.
-spec. act on RNA
Why is glucose important?
Glucose is important nutrient for organisms. they have many hydrogen atoms are highly reduced compoundes so have LOTS of stored energy
Outline the three ways that ATP is generated.
1)substrate-level phosphorlation-a high-energy P from an intermediate P in catabolism is added to ADP.
2)Oxidative phosphorlation: energy is released as electrons are passed to a series of electron acceptors (an electron transport chain) and finally to O2
What happens during the preparatory and energy-conserving stages of glycolysis?
Prep phase: 2 ATP used as 6 carbon glucose is broken down to form DHAP and GP which are readily converted to eachother.
Energy phase: DHAP and GP which are now 3 carbon molecules are OXIDIZED to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, NAD+ REDUCED to NADH and 4 ATP
What is the value of the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways if they produce only one ATP molecule?
bc they both provide the sugars that help to form nucleotides. Pentose helps e.coli and bacillis. Doud can metablize GLUCOSE
What are the principal products of the Krebs cycle?
CO2, NAD+, NADH, acetyl group, FADH2 & ATP
How do carrier molecules function in the electron transport chain?
the carrier molecules Flavoprotein, cytochromes and Q help . Flavo is for oxi-redox. Q is a nonprotein carrier. They are used to help diffuse the protons across the plasma membrane bc protons are too big to pass alone.
Compare the energy yield (ATP) of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The total ATP yield is less than in aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions. AEROBIC requires O2 therefor requiring more ATP and more energy then anaerobic respiration which does NOT require O2.
List four compounds that can be made from pyruvic acid by an organism that uses fermentation.
1) LActic Acid
2)Ethanol
3)Propionic acid
4)Butyric Acid
What are the end-products of lipid and protein catabolism?
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On what biochemical basis are Pseudomonas and Escherichia differentiated?
They are both gram negative rods but Pseudonomas: is oxidative-POSITIVE and Escherichia is oxidative-NEGATIVE. this is determined by biochemical tests
How is photosynthesis important to catabolism?
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What is made during the light-dependent reactions?
Light dependent reactions: ATP is made by light energy converting ADP to ATP. NADP+ is REDUCED to NADPH
light INDEPENDENT (DARK) reactions: electrons are used with energy gtom ATP to REDUCE CO2 to sugar.
Catoblism REDUCES energy bc its the bREAKDOWN of co
How are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation similar?
They both use the elctron transport chain & synthesis ORGANIC molecules. Oxidative however can synthesise both inorganic or organic. Photo is just ORGANIC.
Summarize how oxidation enables organisms to get energy from glucose, sulfur, or sunlight.
Organisms get energy from oxidation, Cell must have an electron (or hydrogen) DONOR, which is the INITIAL energy source. The electrons removed from chemcal energy sources are transferred to electron CARRIERS (NAD+,NADP+,FAD) which is the redox reaction. I
Almost all medically important microbes belong to which of the four aforementioned groups?
CHEMOHETEROTROPHES
Where do amino acids required for protein synthesis come from?
Krebs cycle, Entner-doudoroff pathway & pentose phosphate pathway
Summarize the integration of metabolic pathways using peptidoglycan synthesis as an example.
Amphibolic pathway are metabloc pathways that function in BOTH cat. & ana. They help bridge reactions for BREAKDOWN and syn of carbs, lipids, proteins &nucleotides. Breakdown is used from one into another.
-Peptidoglycan forms bacterial cell walls. This f