Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
observed "animalcules" from teeth scraping. First observed sperm.
Edward Jenner
used first scientific vaccination (small Pox)
Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin
Louis Pasteur
Supported Germ Theory of disease
Louis Pasteur
disproved Spontaneous generation with flask experiments.
Hans Christian Gram
developed first gram stain
Lous Pasteur
developed rabies vaccine
Paul Ehrlich
develops cure for syphilis (chemotherapy) used mercury first then switched to arsonic.
Paul Ehrlich
Performs acid-fast stain
Robert Koch
fromed series of proofs verifying the germ theory could establish an organism and patho cause
Robert Koch
Proved Germ theory using B. anthracis
Joseph Lister
practices antiseptic surgery using phenol (carbolic acid)
Walter Reed
Proved that mosquitos carried yellow fever
Robert Koch
1881- grows bacteria on solid media (Hesse probably did use agar first)
Francisco Redi
used meat experiment with maggots to begin showing spontaneous generation wasn't true.
Semmelweis
advocated hand washing. Was fired because he insisted people wash hands.
Robert Hooke
First to use the term "cell" . Stated that when looking at a cell through a microscope it looked like a prison or cell. Also observed hairy mold.
Lous Pasteur
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Kosh Postulates
Isolate the suspected agent from disease vitcim. Grow agent in pure culture. Infect new host showing the organism produces the classic clinical case. Isolate same organism from new victim.
Elie Metchnikoff
discovered WBC phagocytes digesting bacteria
Decomposers
Importance function of microbes. They break things down.
Bacteria and Fungi
Two Main decomposers
cheese or mushrooms
Food that is dependant on Microbes
Saccharomyces
A genus in the Kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast. They do fermentation (Alcohol)
Ethanol
a gas made from saccharomyces
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
The 3 main domains of living things, three domains
Prokaryotic
From Archea and Bacteria domain. Have no true nucleus.
Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria, domain which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls (Archaeabacteria)
Halophiles
Love Salt ( Archea)
Barophiles
organisms that live under extreme pressure (BOTTOM OF OCEAN) Archaea
Psychrophiles
Loves cold temps (Kingdom Archaea), cold loving microbes
Alkaliphiles
alkali loving; pH 7.0-11.5 (archaea)
Acidophiles
Acid Lover (H.pyloria) lives in stomach. Archaea
methanogens
make methane gas. Archaea
thermofiles
Like it hot Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Newer Bacteria, Stap, strep etc. (Kingdom Eubacteria)
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes, have nuclear membrane. Include Kingdom Protisa, Kingdom fungi, Kingdom, Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Protista
made up of a variety of eukaryotic, mostly single-celled organisms. Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Some are like plants, animals, or fungi but not classified as them. "Junk Drawer" Kingdom.
Kingdom Fungi
This kingdom contains Yeast and molds (candida Albicans) thrush.
Kingdom Plantae
multicellular plants. (ex. Oak tree)
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellar. Mouse, coral reef, sea sponge
Kingdom Fungi
Molds that grown in human body such as aspergilus. (farmer's lung).
Kingdom Protista
Animal like (ameba) Plant like (algae) Fungus like (slime mold)
Malaria
Most Important Slime mold
Phycology
Study of Algae. Kingdom Protista
Virology
Study of viruses
Bacteriology
Study of Bacteria
Mycology
Study of fungi (Kingdom fungi) domain eukarya
Microflora
Microscopic plant life and bacterial colonies found in the gut of healthy animals and humans. Kingdom Plantae (Plant that lives in humans)
Glucose
Best quick source of energy
fructose
Second quickest source of energy
Bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
Virus
World's best mutaters, (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. Then bust from cells and invade other cells.
Taxomy
the science of nameing and classifying organisms. Karl Linne
Scientific Method
a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
Binomial System
Identifying organisms by their Genus and species names. Karl Linne. Genus (first letter) always capitalized and italized or underlined. Species always written second never capitalized and italized or underlined.
Old Kingdoms
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Matter
All tangible materials that make up space
Atom
Tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing it's properties.All physical things are made of these
Protons
In the nucleus of an atom(postively charged)
Neutrons
Neutral charge. Located in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron
Negatively charged. Found in outer shell of an atom.
Elements
when subatomic particles (Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons) come together in specific, varied combinations, they form unique types of atoms.
Isotopes
variant forms of the same element that differ in numbers of neutrons.
Orbitals
volumes of space in which an electron is likely to be found
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom= the atomic number. Ex. Carbon and only carbon have six protons so carbon's atomic number is 6. It never changes.
Atomic Weight
Total weight of an atom. Equal to the number of protons and neutrons with little extra added by the electrons.
Molecule
is a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms.
Compounds
Molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements.
Ion
atom that has a positive or negative charge
Cation
is a positively charge ion
Anion
negatively charged ion
Ionization
this occurs when the bond is broken and the atoms dissoicate into unattached charges particles (ions).
Ionic Bond
electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another and are not shared
Covalent bond
Sharing bond rather that donating or receiving them
Hydrogen Bond
doesn't involve sharing, losing, or gaining but instead are due to attractive forces between nearby molecules or atoms. Weak Bond. (Water Bond)
Van der Waals forces
Noncovelant associations between moelcues. Weak attraction that occur between molecues that demonstrate low levels of polarity.
Reactants
Molecules entering or starting a reaction
Products
substances left by a reaction
Cataylst
Increases rate of reaction
Solution
Mixture of one or more substances
Solutes
substances dissolved in a liquid
Solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Dissolving media
Concentration
Expresses the amount of solute disolved in a certain amount of solvent. Cannot be separated by filtering or separating.
Hydrated
when an ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
hydrophilic
Molecules such as salt or sugar that attract water to their surfaces (Water Loving)
Hydrophobic
nonpolar molecules such as benzene, that repel water.(Water fearing)
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that happen in the cell.
Catabolism
disintegration of complex organic compounds to release engery (Breaking down).
Anabolism
the arrangement of organic compounds from simpler compounds (building up)
Acidic
A solution when disolved in water releases excess Hydrogen ions (+)
Basic
when disolved release excess hydroxl ions (-) akaline
PH Scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. O is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or akaline.
Macromolecules
four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Carbohydrate
A class of nutrients made of sugars; these nutrients include sugar, starch, and fiber. All but fiber provide energy. Often referred to in the plural, carbohydrates.
Saccharide
a simple sugar or combination of sugars; a carbohydrate
monosaccaharide
a simple sugar such as glucose or fructose that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars
disaccharide
a sugar formed from two monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides. (Plants make them and store as starch) We store as fat (glycogen)
Triglycerides
Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol (Fats and Oils) Major component of cell membranes. (lipid)
Phospholipid
Fatty acid +glycerol+phospate., a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids
Waxes
Fatty acids, alcohols= Mycolic acid (cell wall of mycobacteria)
Steriods
Ringed structures Ex. Cholesterols, egosterol. (Membrane of eukaryotes and some bacteria)
Proteins
contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids.
Nucleic Acids
Polymers assembled from individual nucleotides; used to store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information; the two kinds of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (p. 47).
Purines
Adenine and Gaunine
Pyrimidines
Thymine, cytosine, and uracil
Uracil
replaces thymine in RNA
nucelotides
made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base.
Cell
smallest living thing
histomes
helps dna curl
Enzymes
proteins that act as biological catalysts, protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.
xx
female
xy
male
Vitamin B and C
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin K A D E
Fat Soluble vitamins
Co enzymes
An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+.
Water
Universal Solvent (more things disolve in this than anything)
Solution
Solvent+Solute
cohesiveness
water molecules sticke together.
Adhesive
stick to other things. Water molecules are also cohesive
Water
Stable (freezing O celius) 32 fahrenheit. Boiling 100 celcius, 212 F. Most dence at 4 degrees Celcius.
carbohydrates
breads, rice, potatoes, fruits, wheat, corn. Come from plants. Also a sugar. Quickest from of energy.
Insulin
Needed by the body to convert gylcogen to glucose
Cationic stains
Methylene blue, crystal violent , malachite green, safrinin. Simple positive charge stain.
Anionic Stain
Congo Red, Nigrosin (Indian Ink) stains background (simple stain)
Gram stain
(differential Stain)stain that determines cell wall thickness.
Mordant
Intensifies color in stain. Grams iodine
Media
Natural (Nautral enviroment) Also synthetic Agar (red Algae) could also use gelatin.
General Purpose Agar
Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) Most bacteria grow on TSA
Enriched Media
Blood Added for hemolytic (sheep blood) Chocolate agar- heated sheeps blood. Also Tomato juice is used for Acid Agar.
MacConkey Agar (MAC)
Gram negative bacteria like it. Gram + don't like to grow on it.
Manatol Salt Agar (MSA)
agar used for growing halophiles
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA)
Great for growing Fungus
Cellulose (Fiber)
The one carbohydrate you can't digest. Found in plant cell walls.
carbohydrate
C H 2 0 x any number is a
Fats
From animals, solid at room temp. saturated (with hydrogens) (lipid)
Oils
Plants, liquid, unsaturated.
triglycerides
Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol.
Waxes
Comes from plants. We scrape it off (Lipid)
Steriod Hormones
make secondary sex characteristic in pubery. Female (estrogen, Progesterone), Male (testosterone)
Kilograms
About half of pounds
millimeter (MM)
a metric unit of length equal to 0.1 of a centimeter. Ex. 29.7mm = 2.97 cm(cenimeters) CM to MM. 24.6cm = 246mm
Refraction
the bending of light
Reflection
What we see
Absorption
Dark Colors
Diffraction
light goes through tiny holes
Dark field Microscope
A microscope that brightly illuminates the specimen while leaving the background dark ( USES DARKNESS)
Phase contrast Microscope
Microscope that uses No staining. Brings out more contrast
Nomarski Microscope
Microscope High Power (high resolution) Almost 3D
Electron Microscope
Uses up to 1 million xpower closely guarded.
Compound Micrscope
Microscope-More than one lense. 1000x 1500x
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Resolving power greater than Electron Microscope. No prep. Very detailed view of molecules in a cell. Looks at surfaces of things.
Wet Mount
a slide with a drop of water
Differential Stain
Stains for different features or qualities
Smear
smeared on slide.
Light visible spectrum
violent
sarcinae
cocci that divide in 3 planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8 (arrangement)
strepto
chains (arrangement)
staphylo
clusters (arrangement)
tetra
four (arrangement)
Coccus
sphere round (shape)
Bacillius
Rod (shaped)
Vibrio
comma (shaped)
Spirillum
spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes (flagella) (Shape)
Spirochete
member of a group of large spiral-shaped bacteria (shape)
Pleoomorphism
Variety of shape (SHAPE)
Gram Postive
Cell wall is thick (Thick peptidogylcan layer) murien Old name for pepti..
Gram Negative
Cell wall is thinner but contains Lipoplysaccharid. Harder to penetrate
Ribomes 80s
Number of ribosome in Eukarya
Ribosomes 70s
Number of Ribsomes in Prokaryotic
Teichaic Acid
Impregnated throughout peptidogylcan.
Protoplasts
a plant or bacterial cell without its cell wall
Spheroplasts
gram negative bacteria with missing cell wall
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis/ Make Amino Acids.Proteins
chromatophores
color indicators
Endospore
a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. Build Thick coating of Dipicoliniic acid and calicum then die. Ferms and Molds. Living Stage is Vegative.
Endospore bacteria
Closteridium tetani, Clostridum botulinum,Bacillus anthracis. Single bacillus shape.
Flagella
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
Pili
Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA
Glycocalyx
Anything outside of cell wall. Slime (Most common) If harders becomes a capsule. Most bacteria that cause pneumonia have capsules.
Monotrichous
A term given to a single flagellum located on the end of the cell.
Amphitrichous
flagella at both poles of the cell
Lophotrichous
cluster of flagella at one or both ends
Peritrichous
covered all over with uniformly distributed flagella
Atrichous
No Flagella
Chemotaxis
movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus
Phototaxis
response to light
Nucleus
Part of Eurkayotic cell that has dna (cell of instructions)
Ribosomes
(Eukaryotic) part of the cell that makes amino acids (organelle)
Golgi Apparatus
Fedex of the cell. Stores Packs etc, (Eukaryotic) (organelles)
Vacuoles
saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates (Overflow storehouse) (organelle
organelle
a specialized part of a cell
Peroxisomes
membranous sacs containing enzymes used to break down hydrogen peroxide
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes that can break down many things in cells.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes (makes AA)
Smooth ER
Makes Lipids, Horomes, and detoxifies (Takes ETOH) out of the body.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Diffusion
process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins (HELPED TRANSPORT) FLOWER OPENING.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy. Jump across by ATP. Sodium Potasium Pump.
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane by several little steps.
Exocytosis
process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell. Step process.
glycoprotein
a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate. (Flag)
cholesterol
glue that holds molecules.
Cell Envelope
(Prokaryotic Cell) includes the outer membrane, cell wall and cell membrane
External (Prokaryotic)
Appendages, Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae, Glycocalyx, Capsule (slime layer)
motility
self propulsion
filament
a helical structure in diameter and varies from 1 to 70 microns in length. Part of flagella.
glycan
repeating chains of sugar that make up peptidogylcan
Lysis
disintegration or rupture of the cell.
Gram Posiitve
This cell type contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acide
Mycoplasma
bacteria that lack cell wall
pleomorphic
very small bacteria, ranging from .01 to.5 um in size
plasmids
area in bacteria that contains dna
sporulation
asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores
sporangium
sporulating cell. (transforming stage)
coccusbacillus
short plump rod
phenotypic
of or relating to or constituting a phenotype, Microscopic morphology, determines size shape and staining characteristics of the organism. Antibodies used against carb & protein composition. Fatty acid composition. Biochemical test (pH indicator)
Bergy's manual of Determinative Bacteriology
Book on identifying unknown bacteria.
Aerobic
Bacteria that use oxgyen in metabolism
Anaerobic
Bacteria that do not use oxygen in metabolism
hyperthermophilic
love high temps
tumble
when flagella reverse direction and cause the cell to stop and change course.
Gram Positive
stain purple
Gram Negative
bacteria that is made up of lipopolysaccharid and does not retain purple stain, appears red/pink/orange after Gram straining procedure.
cytoplasm
water based solution filling entire cell
fimbriae
hair like structures extending from cell to help with adhesion.z (prokaryotic)
culture
the raising of plants or animals, (biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar)
inoculation
growing media on a medium in an eniviroment in which they multiply.
incubation
time for growing bacteria
isolation
separating types of cells
colony
discrete mound of cells
pure culture
container of medium that grows only a single known species
real image
formed by objective lens