Microbiology is the study of___?
microbes
The characteristic that all microorganisms have in common is that they are too small to be seen with the _____ eye?
naked
Pathogenic means ______?
disease causing
The bacterium that causes the bubonic palque is ____?
versinia pestis
The Irish potatoes famine was caused by a fungus called ____?
phytophtora infestans
Hornando Cortes brought infectious disease such as _____ and ______ to Native Americans?
small pox, measles
Warfare and infectious diseases are connected because of poor _______ and _____, exposure to vulnerable diseases. In addition, wound related bacterial infections such as _____ and _____ are a constant threat?
Sanitation and malnutrition/ tetanus and gas gangrene
List the six subgroups in microbiology?
bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
The six subgroups are not closely related but are grouped together because of their ____ size as well as the techniques used for identifying them, cultivating them, and studying them?
small
Microbes are characterized by being either a ______ or ______?
prokaryote; eukaryote
Prokaryotes do not have true ____ or membrane-bound organelles?
nucleus
List two examples of a prokaryote?
archaea; bacteria
Eukaryotes do have a true _____ and membrane-bound organelles?
nucleus
List four examples of a eukaryote?
Protist, fungi, plant, and animals
List the shapes of bacteria?
rod, spherial, helic, comma- shaped, star and square
Some bacteria are autotrophic which means that they make thier own food thru _____?
photosynthesis
Some bacteria are heterotrophic which means they obtain their nutrients from ____?
organic sources
Some bacteria are chemotrophic which means they obtain their nutrients from ______?
inorganic substances like sulfa
Some bacteria can live in freezing temperture while other can live in __?
110 degrees celcus (higher than boiling water)
Some bacteria have _______ while others are not capable of moving?
mobility
Some bacteria are pathogenic while others are ___?
beneficial
Ancient bacteria are called?
archaebacteria
Archaea live in hostile environment such as extreme heat, acidic environments, and areas of high concentrations of _____?
salt
A microbe is discoveredin a local waterway. Testing this water reveals its high temperature and high acidity. The microbe produces bubbles in the water. It does not cause human disease. It probably belongs in the group _______?
archaea
Archaea are non ____?
pathogenic
Algae are eukaryotic organism that undergo ____?
photosynthesis
Phytoplankton are microscopic found on the surface of _______ and ______ water environments?
marine; fresh
Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
eukaryotic
Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?
hetertrophic
In humans some fungi may cause ring worms, atlete's foot, or ____?
pneumocystis carinni
List examples of fungi?
mycelium, yeast, and mold
Protozoa means first ____?
animal
Are protozoa autotrophs or hetertrophs?
heterotrophs
List two diseases caused by protozoa?
malaria; African sleeping sickness
Viruses contain either RNA or _____ that is surrounded by a protein coat called a ___?
DNA; Capsid
What kind of microscope is used to view a virus?
electron microscope
Are viruses a cell?
no
List three diseases caused by viruses?
small pox, yellow fever, and HIV, polio
Helminthes are worms that belong to the _____ kingdom?
animal
List two types of disease-causing helminthes?
flatworm and roundworms
Van Leeuwenhoek invented the first hand held?
microscope
What is spontaneous generation?
formation of living things from nonliving matter
Francesco Redi rejected?
Spontaneous generation
In Pasteur's experiments on spontaneous generation the purpose of the curve in his flasks containing meat broth was to ____?
permit the circulation of air
A researcher attempts to duplicate the experiments on spontaneous generation conducted by Pasteur. Nutrient broth is sealed in glass flasks with curved necks and is sterilized with heat. The broth is cooled to room temperature. After 48 hours the research
microorganisms
Koch's postulated were formulated while he was studying ______, a disease of sheep, cattle, and humans?
anthrax
List Koch's Postulates?
a. Identify microbial cells that are present in the blood of all infected animals
b. Culture the microorganism in a petri dish outside of animal
c. Inject a healthy animal with the culture bacterial cell
d. Observe the infected animal and examin its blood
What is agar?
A powder made from seaweed used for thickening jam
Describe nutrient?
agar mixed with meat broth forming a solid nutrient rich medium for cutting pure bacteria
Edward Jenner was the first to develop a way to induce _____ to a disease without actually getting the disease?
immunity
What disease did Jenner help prevent by inoculating an 8 year old boy with fluid from a cowpox blister?
small pox
Pasteur made a vaccine by culturing disease-causing microorganisms and then -___ (weakened) them by heat?
attenuated
A bacterial culture can double its number of cells every 30 minutes. One bacterial cell place in nutrient broth leads to the production ____cells in one hour?
4
Improved sewage disposal and clean drinking water has helped to prevent outbreaks of many diseases, including _______ and ____?
cholera and typhoid fever
One important method of personal hygiene is ______?
hand washing
Paul Ehrlich, a German physician- chemist, is known as the father of chemotheraphy because he established ____ toxicity?
selective
What does selective toxicity mean?
the drug must kill the microorganism, but not the patient
What was the first medically useful antibiotic and who discovered it?
penicillin; Alexander Fleming
List the three subatomic particles of an atom?
proton
neutron
electron
Protons have a ____ charge and are located in the ___ of an atom?
positive; nucleus
Neutrons carry no charge and are located in the_____ of a nucleus?
nucleus
Electrons carry a ______ charge and are located outside the _____?
negative; neucleus
The number of electrons usually equals the number of _____?
protons
The first inner shell can contain ____ to __ electrons? The second shell can contain up to ______ electrons? The third shell can contain up to ______ electrons?
1 to 2; 8; 8
Valence electrons are the number of _____ in an atom's outermost shell?
electrons
The atomic number is the number of ___ an atom contains?
protons
The atomic weight or mass is the number of _____ and _____ an atom contains?
protons and neutrons
Isotopes contains the same number of protons, but different number of _____?
neutrons
If an atom has an atomic number of 12 and an atomic weight of 25 then the neutron number would be ____?
13
Isotopes are important in medicine: List several ways indicating how they medicine?
i. used to label and trace biological structures
ii. Radioactive tracers can be used to determine imagery such as DNA in bacteria body stuctures such as thyroid or cancer cells
List the four most abundant elements in living organism?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
Two or more atoms joined together create a ____?
molecules
Covalent Bonds form when two atoms _____ pairs of electrons?
share
Ionic bonds occur by either ____ or ____ an electron (ions). Ionic bonds are held together by _____ charges?
gaining or losing; opposite
If an atom loses two outer-shell electrons its charge becomes?
positive two +2
What type of bond does sodium chloride (table salt) have?
ionic bonds
Which of the following would be an incorrect association?
Covalent/ ions
Hydrogen bonds are ____ bonds but important to living things?
weak
List three factors which determines a reaction rate?
amount of reactants, temperature, and presence of a catalyst
Catalysts _____ the rate of a chemical reaction by ___ the amount of energy needed for the reaction. For example, enzymes.
increase; lowering
Water is essential for _____ and forms about _____ of the weight of microorganism?
life; 70%
List seven reasons why water is important?
a.its capacity to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules
b. its polarity (H+ and OH)
c. high boiling point (100 degrees celcuis) 212 degrees Farentheight)
d. lower freezing point (0 C) 32 F
e. form gas evaporation of water takes up enough heat to cool c
Most vital chemical reactions occur only in a ____ environment?
water
Hydrophilic are those molecules that ____ in water?
dissolved
Hydrophobic are those molecules that do not _____ in water?
dissolved
Write one example of a colloid that is used in microbiology?
agar
When a substance dissociates in water and forms additional hydrogen ions it forms an ____?
acid
When a substance dissociates in water and forms additional hydroxyl ionss the solution becomes a ____?
base
Salts are compounds that dissociate in water but do not add _____ or _____?
hydrogen; hydroxide ions
A ph of 5 is considered an ___. A pH of 9 is considered a ____?
acidic; basic or base
A pH of 7 is?
neutral
Buffers help to maintain a stable _____?
pH
The best definition of an organic molecule is one that contains carbon (carbon dioxide is an exception). All other non-carbon-containing molecules are called?
inorganic
Carbon atoms can form _____ covalent bonds with other atoms.
four 4
By dehydration synthesis water is ____ and a chemical bond is formed?
taking away
The addition of water to break a polymer into monomers is call?
hydrolysis
List the four main classes of organic macromolecules.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
The most abundant macromoolecules in cells are ______?
proteins
Denaturation changes the _____ (structure) of the protein destroying its biological activity?
shape
List three example that would cause denaturation?
temperture, pH, and osmotic strenght
List two types of nucleic acid?
Deoxyrionucleic acid (DNA); Riboniucleic acid (RNA)
DNA encodes a cell's ___ information?
genetic
Ribonucleic acis (RNA) is critical in building _____?
proteins
Monosaccharides are simple ____?
sugars
Disaccharides consist of ____ monosaccharides?
two
Cellulose occurs mainly in cell _____ of plant and algae?
walls
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that are insoluble in ______ but soluble in nonpolar solvents, such as gasoline, or kerosene?
water
Phospholipids have a glycerol backbone with ____ fatty acids?
two
Fatty acid tails are ____ and insoluble in water?
hydrophobic
The phosphate head is ____ and soluble in water?
hydrophilic
Phospholipids are an essential component of membranes in plants, animals, and _____?
microorganisms
Microscopes depend on what three factors?
magnification, contrast, and resolution
A compound microscopes has ___ lenses which are the _____ lens and the objective lens?
two; ocular
With a typical compound microscope the objective lens that will provide the largest, overall field of view is ___ for a total magnification of 40x.
4
What is the total magnification of the ocular lens (10x) and the oil-immersion lens (100x)?
100; 1000x.
Most cell structures in one microorganism are three to five nanometers apart. The details intracellular makeup of the microbe can be studied with the ___?
TEM
Stains ingrease contrast so you can see the microorganism's___?
better
What are mordants?
are not dyes, but are used ti intensify staining by increasing a cell affinity for a dye
Stains are grouped into what three classes?
simple, differential, and special stains
What type of stain is a basic dye used to make cells visible?
simple
What are the three steps used in differential stains?
primary stain, destaining, and counter stain
Counterstaining is used to reveal the cell or partss of cells that have been ___?
destained
What two stains are used extensively in Microbiology?
Gram stain and Acid-fast stain
Who developed the Gram stain?
Christian Gram
What is the primary stain used in a Gram stain?
crystal violet
What is the mordant that is used in a Gram stain?
iodine
What is the counterstain used in a Gram stain?
saffranin
After the four steps of the Gram stain is applied, a bacterium has a somewhat deep violet color. This because it retaind Gentian violet and safranin and is Gram ____?
positive
A bacterium retains safranin after the decolorizing agent removes the previously applied Gentian violet of the Gram stain. The bacterium is Gram ___?
negative
Acid-Fast strain are especially important test for the genus ___?
mycobacterium
The primary stain for the acid fast stain is ____?
carbol fuchsin
The counterstain for the acid-fast stain is ____?
methylene blue
A Petri dish is used to hold nutrient ___?
agar
Coliform bacteria makes acis from _____ , and turns neutral red?
lactose
Blood agar is a ____ growth medium?
complex media
The purpose of a serial dilution is to reduce the number of bacteria for counting purposes and for viewing colony ___?
microorganism
A pure culture consist of a ____ type of microorganism?
single
The requirement for sterilizing most microorganisms by moist heat is ___ Celsius for ____ minutes?
121 degrees; 20
Tuberculosis is caused by the genus ___?
mycobacterium