pathogenic
microorganism able to cause disease
bacteria
Domain of prokaryotic organisms characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls
fungi
organism that belongs to kingdom fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph
protozoa
unicellular eukaryotic organisms, usually chemoheterotroph
spontaneous generation
the idea that life could arise spontaneously from non living matter
aseptic techniques
lab techniques used to minimize contamination
germ theory of disease
the principle that microorganisms cause disease
antibiotics
an antimicrobial agent usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus
parasitology
study of parasites
virology
study of viruses
molecular biology
science of dealing with dna and protein synthesis of living organisms
normal microbiota
microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease, also called normal flora
EID
emerging infectious disease, a new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future
virus
a submicroscopic parasitic filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
biogenesis
theory that living cells can only arise from other cells
fermentation
the enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, atp is synthesized by substrate level phosphorylation and o2 is not required
Koch's postulates
criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases
bacteriology
study of bacteria
genomics
study of genes and their function
recombinant DNA
DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different sources
biotechnology
the industrial application of microorganisms, cells or cell components to make a useful product
resistance
the ability to ward of diseases through innate and adaptive immunity
specific epithet
the second or species name in a scientific binomial
archaea
domain of prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan, one of the three domains
alga
a photosynthetic eukaryote, may be unicellualar, filamentous or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants
pasteurization
process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens
immunity
the body's defense against particular pathogenic microorganisms
mycology
scientific study of fungi
immunology
study of a host's defenses to a pathogent
gene therapy
treating disease by replacing abnormal genes
infectious disease
disease in which pathogens invade a scusceptible host and carry out at least part of their life cycle in the host
genus
first name of a scientific name binomial, taxon between family and species
prokaryotes
cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope "pre nucleus
eukaryotes
cell having dna enclosed in specific membrane enclosed space - enclosed organelles
cell theory
all living organisms are composed of cells and arise form preexisting cells
helminthes
parasitic roundworm or flatworm
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
neutrons
the subatomic particles of the nucleus that have no charge but do contribute to atomic mass
element
any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
electron configuration
the ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
compounds
two or more elements chemically combined
ionic bond
a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion
covalent bond
a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
mole
6.02 X 10^23
exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
solute
substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
base
a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide (OH-) ions and one or more positive ions
buffer
an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH
polymers
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
carbohydrates
Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1. includes starches, sugars and cellulose
lipids
a non water soluble organic molecule, including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
amino acids
an organic acid containing an amino group and a carboxyl group
denaturation
a change in the molecular structure of a protein, usually making it non functional
nucleic acids
a macromolecule consisting of nucleiotides, dna and rna are nucleic acids
pyrimidines
class of nucleic acid bases that includes uracil, thymine and cytosine
ATP
adenosine triphosphate - an important intracellular energy source
electrons
negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
isotopes
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
chemical bond
the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
cations
positively charged ions
hydrogen bond
weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms
chemical reaction
process of making or breaking bonds between atoms
inorganic compound
any compound that does not contain carbon
solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
ionization
the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge)
salt
a substance that dissolves in water to cations and anions neither of which are H+ or OH-
functional group
an arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for most of the chemical properties of that molecule
monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
isomers
compounds with the same formula but different structure
steroids
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
stereoisomers
molecules that have the same structural formulas and bonding patterns but different arrangements of atoms in space like mirror images
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid - the nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses
nucleotide
a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate
nucleoside
a compound consisiting of a purine and pyrimidine base and a pentose sugar
ADP
adenosine diphosphate - substance formed when ATP is hydrolyzed and energy is released
protons
positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
electron shells
an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
valence
combining capacity of an atom or molecule
ion
a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
anion
a negatively charged ion
molecular weight
(chemistry) the sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule
endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
organic compound
any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
dissociation
(chemistry) the temporary or reversible process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions
acid
a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions
pH
a value that indicated the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0-14, based on the proportion of H+ ions.
macromolecules
large organic molecules
condensation reaction
A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.
hydrolysis
a decomposition reaction in which chemicals ract with the H+ and OH- of a water molecule
proteins
a large molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, some proteins have a helical structure and others are pleated sheets
peptide bond
a bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule
purines
class of nucleic acid bases that includes adenine and guanine
compound light microscope
an instrument with two sets of lenses that uses visible light as the source of illumination
micrometer
a metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter
nanometer
a metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter
illuminator
produces light or reflects light up toward the eyepiece
ocular lens
eyepiece (magnifies 10x)
refractive index
the relative velocity with which light passes through a substance
light microscopy
uses light to permit magnification and viewing of cellular structures up to 1000 times their natural size
condenser
lens used to concentrate light on an object
total magnification
eypiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
light microscope
microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object
objective lens
the part of a compound light microscope that is located directly above the specimen and that magnifies the image of the specimen
resolution
the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument also called resolving power
darkfield
uses special condenser with an opaque disc that blocks light from entering the objective lens directly; light reflected by specimen enters; specimen appears light against a black background; used to examine living microorganisms that are invisibl ein brig
fluorescence
ability of a substance to give off light of one color when exposed to light of another color
electron microscope
a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light
scanned probe
- Use probes
- Example atomic force microscopy
- Examine cell surface using metal and diamond probe
- 3 dimensional image
- Does not modify specimen/damage
- Resolving power better than E.M.
staining
colorizing a sample with a dye to view through a microscope or to visualize specific structures.
basic dyes
a salt in which the color is the positive ion used for bacterial stains
simple stain
uses a single basic dye to show shape
gram stain
a staining technique used to classify bacteria
acid fast stain
a differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol, and also have a waxy cell wall
phase contrast microscope
emphasizes differences in specimen's capacity to bend light waves; good for viewing living cells; up to 1,500x
confocal
a type of fluorescence microscopy that uses a powerful laser to illuminate a sample and take optical sections through the specimen
TEM
Trasmission Electron Microscope; used to study parts inside of a cell; only dead cells can be observed
STM
scanning tunneling microscope - used to see individual atoms on a surface
acid dyes
A salt which the color is tin the negative ion, used for negative staining
mordant
a substance added to a staining solution to make the stain more intense
primary stain
First stain applied during a differential stain procedure
gram-negative
bacteria with a more porous cell wall, does not retain purple stain, appears red/pink/orange after Gram straining procedure
special stains
reveal certain cell parts not revealed by conventional methods ex: capsule and flagellar stains
flagella
long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move
gram-positive
bacteria that retains purple stain inside the cell wall during the Gram staining procedure
brightfield
uses visible lighas source of illumination; cannot resolve structures smaller than 0.2 um; specimen appears against a bright background; inexpensive and easy to use; used to observe various stained specimens and to count microbes
DIC
differential interference contrast - an instrument that provides a 3d magnified image
scanning electron microscope
(SEM) biologist use to study to detailed architecture of the surface of the cell
smear
a thin tissue or blood sample spread on a glass slide and stained for cytologic examination and diagnosis under a microscope
negative staining
A procedure that results in colorless bacteria against a stained background.
differential stain
stains to react differently with different types of bacteria, used to distinguish bacterial types. Gram stain, acid-fast stain
decolorizing agent
breaks down the cell wall and allows the stain and mordant to be washed away (eg. Alcohol)
counterstains
stains such as safranin that has a contrasting color to the primary stain
capsule
an outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide
endospore
a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions
bacillus
rod shaped bacteria
strepto
bacteria arranged in chains
staphylo
cluster of bacteria
spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
glycocalyx
gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell
EPS
extracellular polysaccharide - a glycocalyx composed of sugars that allows bacteria to attach to various surfaces
chemotaxis
movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus
fimbria
A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as an attachment pilus.
plasma membrane
thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids
simple diffusion
movement from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, only works with oily substances, needs to cross oily cell membrane (nonpolar substances), no energy is required
osmotic pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
hypertonic solution
in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell
inclusions
storage products or other products of cellular metabolism or foreign matter retained in cytoplasm
microtubules
are hollow tubes, like plumbing pipes that maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within the cell
cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
nuclear envelope
layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
smooth ER
Ribosomes are not found on its surface. It contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs.
vacuole
stores water and nutrients for the cell; very large in plant cells
peroxisomes
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
tetrads
cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four
vibrios
bacteria that look like curved rods, comma shaped
monomorphic
having a single form
phototaxis
movement in response to light
pilus
a short, thick hair-like protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces
fluid mosaic model
The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
facilitated diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins
isotonic solution
a solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
active transport
transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient
plasmids
The smalll, circular segments of DNA that are found in bacteria and that stay sparate from the bacterial chromosomes; used in genetic engineering.
endocytosis
the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
golgi complex
organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell.
mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
centrosome
Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
coccus
any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria
diplo
pairs of bacteria
sarcinae
cocci that divide in 3 planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8
spirilla
any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form
pleomorphic
having more than one shape or form
slime layer
A thin protective structure loosely bound to the cell wall that protects the cell against drying, helps trap nutrients, and sometimes binds cells together
taxis
movement toward or away from a stimulus
axial filaments
-also called endoflagella. -in spirochetes. -anchored at one end of a cell. -rotation causes cell to move
cell wall
strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
selective permeability
A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
hypotonic solution
in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell
cytoplasm
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
ribosomes
where proteins are made
cilia
short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
nucleolus
The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus
lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
crista
(plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
thylakoids
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
endosymbiotic theory
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
psychrophiles
cold loving; 15-20`C; cold water, soil; some live at 0`C
extreme thermophiles
Microorganisms that thrive in hot environments (often 60-80 degrees C).
extreme halophiles
Microorganisms that live in unusually highly saline environments such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.
nitrogen fixation
the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria
obligate aerobes
use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it
peroxidase
any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide
culture medium
(bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms
sterile
free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms
chemically defined
A type of culture media that contains pure chemicals like NaCl, glucose, MgSO4. It is buffered to maintain a neutral pH. This is used when it is known what the organism needs.
reducing media
Contain a substance that absorb oxygen or slow penetration of oxygen into medium; used for growing anaerobic bacteria
differential media
make it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate. The colonies have different colors or cause different changes in the surrounding medium. Sometimes selective and differential functions are combi
deep freezing
decreases chemical reactions/ bacteriostatic, quick-frozen to -50 degree C to -95 degree C/ -40 degree C, food, drug and culture preservation
budding
reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent
lag phase
A short period of time **prior to exponential growth of a bacterial population during which no, or very limited, cell division occurs.
death phase
interval in which # of dying cells exceeds # of new cells formed; so there is a decline in overall # of cells
serial dilution
Dilution of a substance several times by the same amount each time
direct microscopic count
A method of measuring bacterial growth by counting cells in a known volume of medium that fills a specially calibrated counting chamber of a microscope slide
mesophiles
those growing best between 20 degrees and 40 degrees celcius; the human pathogens are in this group
psychrotrophs
bacteria capable of growth at temperatures lower or higher than their optima
acidophiles
those that grow best in acidic habitats; include other bacteria and fungi
obligate halophiles
type of extreme halophiles that NEEDs salt to survive
symbiosis
the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent
facultative anaerobes
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
aerotolerant anaerobes
does not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence
inoculum
sample of a microbe that is introduced into a Medium
agar
a gel-like polysaccharide compound used for culturing microbes; extracted from certain red algae
nutrient broth
common medium for microbiological cultures which contains powdered beef extract and peptones dissolved in water
capnophiles
can survive if only carbon dioxide leves are elevated
enrichment culture
designed to increase numbers of desired microbes at detectable levels
lyophilization
used for very long-term storage; freeze-drying- removing water from frozen culture using intense vacuum converting ice directly into a gas
generation time
the time required for population to double or one round of binary fission. Can be as short as 20 min for bacteria!
log phase
time interval in which cells are rapidly growing and reproducing; population increases logarithmically; also when they're most susceptible to drugs
plate count
a viable counting method where the number of colonies on a plate is used as a measure of all numbers
pour plate method
dilution made before samples are put on plate; final diluted sample added to melted agar, mixed, and poured into an empty plate; allows for quantification; could be useful for anerobic bacteria
filtration
passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material a .45 micrometer filter removes most bacteria
most probable number
A statistical method of measuring bacterial growth used when samples contain too few organisms to give reliable measures by the plate count method
thermophiles
those that grow above 45 degrees celcius; occur in hot springs and compost piles
hyperthermophiles
Bacteria that have optimal growth temperature of 80C or higher and grow in springs and geysers
plasmolysis
when a cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water to its surroundings, shrink, and its plasma membrane will pull away from the wall
facultative halophiles
those that do not require, but can tolerate high salt concentrations, tolerate high osmotic pressure
obligate anaerobes
organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present
microaerophiles
Aerobes that require Oxygen levels from 2-10% and have a limited ability to detoxify Hydrogen Peroxide and Superoxide Radicals
culture
(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar)
complex media
exact chemical composition varies from batch to batch
nutrient agar
a solidified form of one of the most often used complex mediums that contain hundreds of mixtures and is already formulated into specific complex media
selective media
Allows growth of certain microbes while inhibiting others
streak plate method
the easiest and most commonly used method of diluting microbial populations. a population is picked up with a sterile wire inoculation loop, and is dilluted by moving the loop back and forth on the surface of the agar-solidified medium in a petri dish or
binary fission
a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
bacterial growth curve
Four distinct phases of growth: 1. Lag phase 2. Logarithmic phase 3. Stationary Phase 4. Decline Phase
stationary phase
interval when population is relatively constant, since # of new cells produced = # dying; population stabalizes, equilibrium
spread plate method
1 ml dilute sample placed on center of a solid, cooled agar med, spread evenly over med surface w/ sterile bent glass rod; colonies will grow on agar surface
turbidity
density of some particle inside some solution; in bacteria is directly proportional to population of bacteria
metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
collision theory
For a reaction to occur, the particles must collide, they must collide with the appropriate orientation, and they must collide with sufficient energy.
catabolism
Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
anabolism
The process that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds, thus requiring energy.
reaction rate
rate at which reactants change into products over time
catalysts
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed
apoenzyme
The protein component of an enzyme, to which the coenzyme attaches to form an active enzyme
haloenzyme
active form of an enzyme-the binding of an apoenzyme and its cofactor
active site
The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
competitive inhibitors
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
noncompetitive inhibition
binds to enzyme somewhere else to change active site shape, the act of binding to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective
reduction
any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen)
substrate-level
cyclic electron pathway; glycolisis; occurs in cytosol. High energy substrate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP
carbohydrate catabolism
breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy, glycolosis, krebs cycle, ETC
pentose phosphate pathway
Can be simultaneously with glycolysis, Breaks down 5C sugars, Results in 1ATP, Used by Gram negative and Gram positive
entner-doudoroff pathway
AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY FOR THE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO PYRUVIC ACID
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
ubiquinones
-component of electron transport system
-lipid soluble, non protein
lactic acid fermentation
Series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in glycolysis; supplies energy when oxygen for aerobic respiration is scarce
decarboxylation
the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen)
carbon fixation
The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.
calvin-benson cycle
Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis cyclic pathway that forms glucose from CO2
autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food
green bacteria
gram negative photosynthetic bacteria, sulfur bacteria (photoautotrophich) found in hot springs, nonsulfur bacteria (photoheterotrophic) usually found in marine a high salt environments
enzymes
protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.
cofactor
Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism.
allosteric inhibition
two active sites; one site for inhibitor, changes shape of other active site to become inactive
ribozyme
An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.
dehydrogenation
Chemical reaction involving the loss of a hydrogen atom. This is an oxidation that combines loss of an electron with loss of a proton.
oxidative
type of phosphorylation where majority of ATP's are made
cellular respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
anaerobe
an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live
anaerobic respiration
Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.
flavoproteins
A protein containing a derivative of riboflavin, which functions as electron carrier in the electron transport system.
chemiosmosis
in chloroplasts and mitochondria, a process in which the movement of protons down their concentration gradient across a membrane is coupled to the synthesis of ATP
alcohol fermentation
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
fermentation test
method used to determine whether a bacterium or yeast ferments a specific carbohydrate. usually performed in a peptone broth containing the carbohydrate, a pH indicator, and inverted tube to trap gas.
light reactions
The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
phototrophs
organisms that get energy from light
heterotrophs
consumers, they rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
purple bacteria
are gram negative organisms that appear red, orange, or purple due to their light harvesting pigments
chemoheterotrophs
An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
amination
the addition of an amino group to a carbon skeleton
chemoautotrophs
An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.
substrate
the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
coenzyme
a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes
NADP+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
CoA
coenzyme A, derived from B vitamin pantothenic acid and central to energy metabolism
feedback inhibition
A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
phosphorylation
The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.
glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
aerobe
an organism especially a bacterium that requires air or free oxygen for life
aerobic respiration
the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP; the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen
krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
cytochromes
An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells
fermentation
a chemical phenomenon in which an organic molecule splits into simpler substances
deamination
the removal of an amino group from an organism, particularly from an amino acid
photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
dark reactions
Reactions of photosynthesis that do not require light but use energy produced and stored during light reactions to make glucose
chemotrophs
get energy from chemicals taken from the environment
photoautotrophs
organisms that use the sun to generate their own food.
photoheterotrophs
An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.
saprophytes
Organisms that obtain their food from dead organic matter (plant and animal material)
transamination
the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another
amphibolic pathways
A PATHWAY THAT IS BOTH ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC
parasites
an organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it
sterilization
the procedure of making some object free of live bacteria or other microorganisms (usually by heat or chemical means)
disinfection
Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms
antisepsis
the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms
degerming
removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around an injection site
bacteriostasis
Stops the bacteria from growing, but does not kill it, for example, food preservatives
TDP
thermal death point; the temperature required to kill all the bacteria in a liquid culture in 10 minutes.
autoclave
instrument for sterilization by means moist heat under pressure
HTST
71.7 for 15 seconds
flaming
the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke
osmotic pressure
the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis
microwaves
kill by heat; not especially antimicrobial
phenol
carbolic acid; caustic poison; in 5 percent dilute solution is used to sanitize metallic implements
halogens
one of the following elements - fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or astatine
surfactants
any compound that decreases the tension between molecules lying on the surface of a liquid
antibiotics
chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms
sanitization
reducing the number of microorganisms to a safe level
sepsis
the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues
TDT
Thermal death time. The length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature.
pasteurization
partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food
UHT
ultra-high temperature pasteurization, extremely hot steam is used to kill microbes
hot-air sterilization
170o C for 2 hours can sterilize
high pressure
an air mass of higher than normal pressure
ionizing radiation
high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes
use-dilution test
use small stainless steel cylinder; let dry; dip in agent; incubate to see if any growth
phenolics
powerful tuberculocidal disinfectants
alcohols
organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups
quats
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.Safe and useful disinfectants.
aldehydes
oxidation of primary alcohols produces
germicide
an agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease
asepsis
the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms
DRT
Decimal reduction time; the time required to kill 90% of a bacterial population at a given temperature.
thermoduric
cannot be killed by pasteurization; ex mostly nonpathogenic lactobacilli, micrococci and yeasts
dessication
extreme drying
bacteriostatic
nonionizing radiation
Forms of radiant energy such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, and ordinary light that do not have enough energy to cause ionization of atoms in living tissue. Compare ionizing radiation.
biguanide
decreases rate of hepatic glucose production; augments glucose uptake by tissues, esp. muscles (lower risk of hypoglycemia)
heavy metals
Mercury, lead, cadmium and nickel-highly toxic in very small quantities; can be fatal and bioaccumulate in environment-have cumulative effects in humans.
preservatives
added to oral liquid compounds to prevent microbial contamination
peroxygens
exert antimicrobial activity by oxidizing cellular components of treated microbes