Terms that come to mind when thinking of Microbiology.
Bacteria, Virus, Germs, Disease, Infection, Small organisms, pain
Define microorganism.
any minute living thing that is too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
Germ refers to wait?
a rapidly growing cell
define pathogenic.
disease causing
Microbes in our lives
-A few are pathogenic
-Decompose organic waste
-Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
-Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
-Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, bread
-Produce products used in manufacturing (eg.
Microbes in our lives
-Knowledge of microorganisms
-Allows humans to
-Prevent food spoilage
-Prevent disease occurrence
-Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories
Carlous Linnaeus
established the system of naming organisms
Each organism has 2 names what are they?
Genus name and species name
What do scientific names describe?
they honor a researcher or identifies a habit
Carl Woese
established the system we use today to classify microorganisms
Organisms are classified according to cellular organization into what?
Domains
Name the Domains
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea are what?
prokaryotes
Eukarya are what?
eukaryotes
Name the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya
-protists
-fungi
-plants
-animals
Name the types of microorganisms
-bacteria
-archaea
-fungi
-protozoa
-algae
-viruses
-multicellular animal parasites
describe archaea
-prokaryotic
-lack peptidoglycan
-live in extreme environments
-include: methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
describe bacteria
-prokaryotic
-peptidoglycan cell walls
-binary fission
-for energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
descirbe fungi
-Eukaryotes
-Chitin cell walls
-Use organic chemicals for energy
-Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
-Yeasts are unicellular
describe protozoa
-Eukaryotes
-Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
-May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
describe algae
-Eukaryotes
-Cellulose cell walls
-Use photosynthesis for energy
-Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
describe multicellular animal parasites
-Eukaryotes
-Multicellular animals
-Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths.
-Microscopic stages in life cycles.
Robert Hooke
reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells
Rudolf Virchow
said cells arise from preexisting cells
define cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
described live microorganisms
define spontaneous generation
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a "vital force" forms life
define biogenesis
the hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life
Francesco Redi
filled 6 jars with decaying meat
John Needham
put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks after cooling
Louis Pasteur
showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation he also established fermentation and pasteurization
define fermentation
the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
what is microbial growth responsible for?
spoilage of food
what did bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid do?
spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
define pasteurization
the application of a high heat for a short time
Joseph Lister
used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
Robert Koch
proved that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
Edward Jenner
inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
vaccination is derived from what?
vacca, for cow
define chemotherapy
treatment with chemicals
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases
define antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
what was quinine used to treat
malaria
Paul Erlich
developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis
Alexander Fleming
discovered the first antibiotic
define bacteriology
the study of bacteria
mycology
the study of fungi
virology
the study of viruses
parasitology
the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
immunology
the study of immunity
Rebecca Lancefield
the use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to sterotypes
microbial genetics
the study of how microbes inherit traits
molecular biology
the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
genomics
the study of an organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
recombinant DNA
DNA made from two different sources
Paul Berg
inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA, and the bacteria produced an animal protein
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
showed that genes encode a cells enzymes
Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty
showed that DNA was the hereditary material
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
what does bacteria recycle
carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals
Bioremediation
-Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage
-Bacteria degarde or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury
Bioloical Insecticides
Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission
biotechnology
the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
normal microbiota
microbes normally present in and on the human body
biofilms
-microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
-they will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence
Avian influenza A
-(H5N2)
-Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
-Sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred yet
what does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcos aureus
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
-Ebola virus
-Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
-First identified near Ebola River, Congo
-Outbreaks every few years
West Nile Encephalitis
-caused by west nile virus
-first diagnosed in the west nile region of Uganda
Cryptosporidiosis
-Cryptosporidium protozoa
-First reported in 1976
-Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
-In the United States, transmitted via water
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
-Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
-First identified in 1981
-Worldwide epidemic infecting 30 million people; 14,000 new infections every day
-Sexually transmitted infection affecting males and females
-HIV/AIDS in the U.S.: 30% are female, and