Defenses of the stomach
Acidic
Defenses of the Small intestine:
Paneth cells; reactive enzymes and attack pathogen cell walls.
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in about 4 hours
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Intoxication/Infection
Intoxication, some strains Enterotoxin (superantigen, some strains, cytokine storm TSS)
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Diagnosis
Phage typing
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Treatment
none
Lower Digestive System Infection Growth of a Pathogen
Incubation is from 12 hours to 2 weeks
Fever
Lower Digestive System Ingestion of toxin
Symptoms appear 1 to 48 hours after ingestion
Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea, dysentery (severe diarrhea with mucous anLower Digestive System d/or blood) Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Pathogen
Shigella spp
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Symptoms
Tissue damage and dysentery
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Intoxication/Infection
Infection Endotoxin and Shiga exotoxin
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Diagnosis
Isolation of bacteria
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Treatment
Quinolones
Invasion of Intestinal Wall by Shigella
M cells surround Peyers Patche
Typhoid Fever
Caused by Salmonella typhi Bacteria spread throughout body in phagocytes 1-3% of recovered patients become chronic carriers aka "Typhoid Mary" Poor sanitation, can be carried on the feet of flies.
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae serotypes that produce cholera toxin Toxin causes host cells to secrete chlorine anions (-neg. charge)and water, death can occur in less than one day. "Ricewater Stools
Noncholera vibrios
Usually from contaminated crustaceans or mollusks V. cholerae serotypes other than O:1, O:139, eltor V. parahaemolyticus
V. vulnificus
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
Pathogenic E. coli Attach to intestinal cells with fimbriae
Produce toxins May aggregate
Traveler's Diarrhea
Pathogen Enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteraggregative E. coli
Symptoms Watery diarrhea
STEC
Pathogen Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli
Symptoms Shigella-like dysentery; hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome can be fatal
Campylobacter jejuni
Symptoms Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea
Intoxication/Infection Infection
Diagnosis Isolate bacteria
Reservoir Chickens, cow's milk
Hepatitis
An inflammation of the liver
Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is used to test
donated blood and plasma: HCV HIV West Nile virus
Virus-inactivation
is used on plasma
Giardia lamblia
intestinal protozoan parasite
Pathogen of Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis symptoms
Protozoan adheres to intestinal wall, diarrhea
Reservoir of Giardiasis
water or mammals
Treatment for Giardiasis
Metronidazole; quinacrine
Cryptosporidiosis Pathogen
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cryptosporidiosis symtoms
Self-limiting diarrhea; may be life-threatening in immunosuppressed people
Cryptosporidiosis Reservoir
Cattle; water
Cryptosporidiosis Treatment
Oral rehydration
Amoebic Dysentery Pathogen
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebic Dysentery Symtoms
Abscesses; significant mortality rate
Amoebic Dysentery reservoir
humans
Treatment for Amoebic dysentery
Metronidazole
pinworms pathogen
Enterobius vermicularis
Pinworms symptoms
Itching around anus
Pinworms Intermediate host & Definitive host
Humans
Pinworms Treatment
Pyrantel pamoate
Hookworm form of roundworm Pathogen
Necator americanus,
Ancyclostoma duodenale
Hookworm form of roundworm Symptoms
Anemia
Hookworm form of roundworm intermediate host
Larva in soil
Hookworm form of roundworm Definitive host
Human
Ascariasis a form of roundworms Pathogen
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascariasis a form of roundworm symptoms
Few
Ascariasis a form of roundworms Intermediate host
Human
Ascariasis a form of roundworms Definitive host
Human
Trichinellosis a form of roundworm Pathogen
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinellosis a form of roundworm Symptoms
Few
Trichinellosis a form of roundworm intermediate host
Mammals
Trichinellosis a form of roundworm definitve host
human
Salmonellosis pathogen
Salmonella enterica
Salmonellosis symptoms
Nausea and diarrhea
Salmonellosis intoxication/infection
Infection Endotoxin
Salmonellosis diagnosis
Isolation of bacteria; serotyping
salmonellosis treatment
Oral rehydration
Typhoid Fever pathogen
S. typhi
Typhoid Fever symptoms
High fever, significant mortality
Typhoid Fever intoxiation/infection
Infection Endotoxin
Typhoid Fever diagnosis
Isolation of bacteria; serotyping
Typhoid fever treatment
Quinolones; cephalosporins
Cholera pathogen
Vibrio cholerae O:1 and O:139
Cholera symptoms
Diarrhea with large water loss
Non Cholera Vibrios pathogen
V. parahaemolyticus
Non Cholera Vibrios symptoms
Cholera-like diarrhea, but generally milder
Non Cholera Vibrios pathogen
V. vulnificus
Non Cholera Vibrios symptom
Rapidly spreading tissue destruction
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease symptoms
Peptic ulcers
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease intoxication/infection
Infection
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease diagnosis
Urea breath, bacterial culture
Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease treatment
Antimicrobial drugs
Clostridium and Bacillus Gastroenteritis pathogens
C. perfringens C. difficile B. cereus
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Mumps
Pathogen mumps virus , symptoms swallen parotoid glands , incubation 16-18 days treatment vaccine
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Viral Gastroenteritis
Pathogen rotavirus , Symptoms vomiting & diarrhea Incubation period 1-3 days Treatment oral rehydration
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Viral Gastroenteritis
Pathogen Norovirus , Symptoms vomiting & diarrhea Incubation period 14-48 hr Treatment Oral rehydration
Hepatitis A
Transmission fecal-oral , Pathogen picornavirdae Vaccine inactivated virus
Hepatitis b
Transmission parenteral, Sti , pathogen Hepadnaviridae
liver disease yes Vaccine recombinant
Hepatitis C
Transmission parental Pathogen Filoviridae
Liver disease yes Vaccine none
Hepatitis D
Transmission Pareteral, HBV coinfection , Pathogen Deltaviridae
Liver disease yes Vaccine HBV vaccine
Hepatitis E
Transmission fecal - oral , Pathogen Caliciviridae
Liver disease no , Vaccine
Hepatitis
HAV vaccine
Mycotoxin (Fungal) Intoxications Ergot Poisoning
Pathogen Claviceps purpurea , Symptom Reduced blood to limbs ,Intoxication/ Infection ,Mycotoxin in grain
Treatment none
Mycotoxin (Fungal) Intoxications Aflatoxin Poisoning
Pathogen Aspergillus flavus , Symptoms Liver cirrhosis; liver cancer
Intoxication/ Infection Mycotoxin in food Treatment none