Once fluid enters the lymphatic system it is called ________.
A) lymph
B) serum
C) interstitial tissue fluid
D) plasma
B
The largest lymph organ in the human body is the _______.
A) thymus
B) spleen
C) intestine
D) liver
B
This is the simplest of the lymphoid organs.
A) Appendix
B) Spleen
C) Thymus
D) Tonsil
D
All of the following statements are true of the spleen except:
A) it produces red blood cells in the fetus
B) it stores platelets
C) it atrophies after puberty
D) it removes debris and foreign matter from the blood
C
The lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens is the _______.
A) spleen
B) thymus
C) appendix
D) tonsil
B
Which of the following are not phagocytes?
A) Neutrophils
B) Kupffer cells
C) Eosinophils
D) Natural killer cells
D
Phagosomes fuse with what cell organelle of the phagocyte?
A) Nucleus
B) Lysosome
C) Ribosome
D) Peroxisome
B
The process in which antibodies coat foreign proteins is called ________.
A) opsonization
B) adherence
C) margination
D) apoptosis
A
Which of the following statements is not true of natural killer cells?
A)They are part of the innate defense system
B)They are specialized lymphocytes
C)They promote apoptosis
D)They react against very specific pathogens
D
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
A)Pain
B)Redness
C)Heat
D)Bleeding
D
During the inflammation process the mast cells release _________, which causes vasodilation. (type the answer)
histamine
These cells are most numerous at the site of a chronic infection.
A) Neutrophils
B) Macrophages
C) Eosinophils
D) Basophils
B
These proteins are released by infected cells and help protect surrounding uninfected cells.
A) Interleukins
B) Prostaglandins
C) Interferons
D) Complement
C
Substances that provoke an immune response are called ________.
A) antibodies
B) immunogens
C) antigens
D) interferons
C
The unresponsiveness of our lymphocytes to our own body cells is called _________.
A) self-tolerance
B) immunocompetence
C) immunological memory
D) histocompatibility
A
Clone cells capable of secreting large amounts of antibodies are called ______.
A)T cells
B)memory cells
C)plasma cells
D)macrophages
C
The ability of antibodies to block specific sites on pathogens so that they cannot bind to cell receptors is called _______.
A) agglutination
B) activation
C)precipitation
D) neutralization
D
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
A) antibody production by B cells
B) complement activation
C) gamma globulin shot
D) vaccination
C
The first antibody class to be released into the bloodstream during an immune response is ________.
A) IgM
B)IgG
C)IgD
D)IgA
A
This antibody class is able to pass through the placenta to protect the fetus.
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgM
D) IgG
D
This cell mediates the body's cellular immune response.
A) T cell
B) Neutrophil
C) B cell
D) Macrophage
A
These cells promote antibody production by the B cells.
A) Regulatory T cells
B) Helper T cells
C) Memory T cells
D) Cytotoxic T cells
B
This cell is responsible for tissue graft rejection.
A) Plasma cell
B) Memory T cell
C) Regulatory T cell
D) Cytotoxic T cell
D
These cells suppress the immune system and help prevent autoimmune diseases.
A) Memory T cells
B) Cytotoxic T cells
C) Helper T cells
D) Regulatory T cells
D
Class II MHC proteins would be found on all of the following except:
A) macrophages
B) dendritic cells
C) neutrophils
D) B cells
C
Flagellin is a
A) pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
B) homotrimeric adaptor protein.
C) lipoprotein.
D) pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
A
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are found on which of the following cells?
A) macrophages
B) bacteria
C) neutrophils
D) macrophages and neutrophils
D
Which of the following biomolecules interact with toll-like receptors (TLRs)?
A) bacterial LPS
B) immunoglobulins
C) major histocompatibility complex proteins
D) none of these
A
Interaction of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) with a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) results in
A) formation of transmembrane pores that cause cell lysis.
B) transmembrane signal transduction that initiates transcription of genes involv
B
Which of the following are proteins that interact directly with antigens during the adaptive immune response?
A) immunoglobins
B) major histocompatibility complex
C) T cell receptors
D) all of these
D
TCRs associate with the adapter molecule
A) CD3.
B) CD28.
C) Ig?.
D) Ig?.
A
Class II MHC proteins have grooves with
A) closed ends.
B) open ends.
C) both open and closed ends.
D) neither open nor closed ends.
B
Which of the following is/are MHC class I genes?
A) HLA-A
B) HLA-B
C) HLA-C
D) HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C
D
Antibodies consist of four polypeptides, ________ heavy chains, and ________ light chains.
A) one / three
B) two / two
C) three / one
D) four / four
B
Which of the following contribute to the limitless diversity generated from a relatively fixed number of immunoglobulin genes?
A) hypermutation
B) random heavy and light chain reassortment
C) somatic recombination
D) hypermutation, random heavy and light
D
Somatic hypermutation occurs only in the ________ regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.
A) D
B) HV
C) J
D) V
D
The two-stage thymic selection process for selecting self-tolerant, antigen-reactive T cells results in
A) allelic exclusion.
B) clonal deletion.
C) complementarity-determining regions.
D) somatic hypermutation.
B
More than ________ % of all T cell precursors that enter the thymus do NOT survive the selection process.
A) 15
B) 25
C) 45
D) 95
D
Which of the following is involved in B cell selection and tolerance?
A) clonal anergy
B) clonal deletion
C) clonal anergy and deletion
D) allelic exclusion
C
Which of the following roles do B cells play?
A) antigen presentation
B) antigen processing
C) antigen uptake
D) antigen presentation, processing, and uptake
D
The complete second signal for B cell activation requires which of the following interactions?
A) CD40-CK40L interaction
B) cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
C) TH-B cell interaction
D) All of these are necessary.
D
Communication between cells of the immune system is accomplished in many cases through
A) allelic exclusion.
B) clonal deletion.
C) cytokines.
D) allelic exclusion, clonal deletion, and cytokines.
C
Chemokines are a group of small proteins that
A) attract T cells to sites of injury.
B) function as chemoattractants for phagocytes and lymphocytes.
C) potentiate specific immune responses.
D) attract T cells, phagocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as poten
D
Which of the following are soluble mediators and activators for T lymphocytes and B cells?
A) IL-2
B) IL-4
C) IL-5
D) IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5
D
Which of the following stimulate macrophage differentiation and activation?
A) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
B) interferon gamma
C) tumor necrosis factor-alpha
D) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, interferon gamma, and tumor
D
Which of the following cytokines acts to stimulate natural killer cells and induce na�ve T cells to differentiate to TH1 cells?
A) IL-1?
B) IL-6
C) IL-12
D) TNF-?
C
Which of the following is a likely target for a toll-like receptor (TLR)?
A) tumor necrosis factor
B) interleukin IV
C) flagellin
D) insulin
C
Interaction of a PAMP with a TLR triggers transmembrane signal transduction and subsequent
A) clonal expansion.
B) antibody production.
C) complement protein activation.
D) phagocytosis and inflammation.
D
Signal transduction pathways initiate activation of transcription after specific
A) TH cell death.
B) ligand-receptor binding on the cell surface.
C) cytokines diffuse across the cytoplasmic membrane.
D) antigen-antibody binding.
B
The major histocompatibility complex is also called the
A) human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
B) T cell receptor.
C) toll-like receptor complex.
D) T cell receptor or toll-like receptor.
A
The ________ and ________ domains of the class II MHC protein interact to form a peptide-binding site.
A) B / T
B) light / heavy
C) C / V
D) ?1 / ?1
D
The occurrence of multiple alleles at a specific locus is called
A) signal transduction.
B) the variable domain.
C) polymorphism.
D) allelic exclusion.
C
The antigen-binding site of an antibody accommodates a small portion of the antigen called a(n)
A) lipopolysaccharide.
B) epitope.
C) peptide motif.
D) pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
B
________ ensures that each B cell produces only one immunoglobulin.
A) Self-activation
B) Allelic exclusion
C) MHC interaction
D) Clonal deletion
B
The mechanism by which antigen-reactive cells respond to foreign antigens while ignoring self-antigens is called clonal
A) selection.
B) deletion.
C) anergy.
D) expansion.
A
The failure to develop tolerance may result in dangerous reactions to self-antigens, a condition called
A) type I hypersensitivity.
B) immunotolerance.
C) autoimmunity.
D) immunodeficiency.
C
In B cell selection and tolerance, if no signal is generated from ________ cells, the B cells remain unresponsive.
A) TC
B) TH
C) B7
D) CD28
B
Some activated B cells are transformed into ________ cells that secrete antibodies, and others remain as ________ cells.
A) plasma / memory B
B) lymphocytes / memory B
C) immunoglobulin / plasma
D) immunoglobulin / TH
A
Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are often called
A) interleukins.
B) pathogen recognition receptors.
C) chemokines.
D) epitopes.
A
All proinflammatory cytokines EXCEPT ________ induce fever at the systemic level.
A) IL-4
B) IL-12
C) IL-6
D) IL-17
B