Asepsis
absence of germs
Antiseptic
tending to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganism
Acquired immunity
formation of antibodies in the infected host which protects against future invasions of the same organism
Host
an animal or plant that harbors and provides for the needs of another organism
Infection
invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganism that cause disease
Microorganism
is a living entity microscopic. (too small to be seen by the naked eye)
Inflammation
a protective response of the body tissues to irritation or injury
Infection Control
means to institute and practice measure to curtail the spread of infectious diseases
Microbiology
the study of organism that can only be seen through a microscope
Nosocomial infection
refers to infections acquired in the hospital
Pathogen
organism that produce disease
Reservoir
as a means of sustaining an infections organism as potential source of infection
Sterilization
refers to the process that effectively kills or eliminates transmissible agents by heat, chemical, or gases
Standard Precaution
used when caring patient regardless of diagnosis or infection
Spore
specialized structure formed by bacteria which is resistant to heat and drying
Toxin
poisonous waste produced by some bacteria
Virus
smallest microorganism that causes infections that can only be seen with an electron microscope
Virology
study of viruses
Bacteriology
study of bacteria
Virology
study of viruses: single celled plant, requiring living tissues
Mycology
study of fungi (molds and yeast) simple plants
Protozoology
protozoa, one celled animals i.e. malaria
Rickettseaology
study of rickettsea. Resemble viruses, seen with regular microscope, transmitted by fleas, lice, and ticks
Immunology
study of immunity. Resistance to disease
Microorganisms are _ _
living entities
An organism is only visible _ _ _
under a microscope
Microorganism are referred to as _
germs
Aerobic (char. of bacteria)
grow only in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic (char. of bacteria)
grow only in the absence of oxygen
Spore
specialized structure formed by bacteria, remains dormant and germinates under favorable conditions. Resistant to heat and disinfectants.
Capsules
thick, slimy substances that envelopes cells when conditions are unfavorable
Flagella
hair-like structures that enable the bacteria to move
Toxin
poisonous waste created by bacteria
Helminths
infectious worms, not microscopic. 3 major groups: roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes
Arthopods
animals with jointed legs includes insects and ticks, mosquitoes can carry pathogens
Non-pathogens
do not cause disease (harmless)
Pathogens
cause diseases
Residents
generally no pathogens that are constantly present on the skin
Transient
picked up during contact with contamination
Aerobic
bacteria need oxygen to live
Anaerobic
bacteria does not need oxygen to live
Carrier
a person that has the organism, but not the disease
Chain of Infection
for infection to occur the following components must occur if pathogens are to be transmitted from one location to another
Elements that must be present in a chain of infection (6)
1. An infectious agent
2. A reservoir that contributes to the growth and reproduction of microorganism
3. Must be an exit route
4. Must be a mode of transportation
5. A port of entry
6. A susceptible host
Two mechanisms of survival (examples of adaptation)
1. ability to forms SPORES (a temporarily inactive microbial life form) that can resist heat and destructive chemicals that can survive without moisture
2. Ability to become antibiotic resistant
Methods of disease transmission
1. Contact: person to person
2. Airborne
3. Environment to person
4. Droplet
5. Tiny animal to person (vector/vehicle into the body)
Culture
a special medium to promote growth of the organism
Sensitivity
to determine which antibiotics will inhibit growth of bacteria
Gram stain
uses a due, a crystal violet/blue use
Gram positive
retain the color of crystal violet
Gram negative
lose the crystal violet take the color of the red counterstain
Infection
refers to the condition that result when microorganisms cause injury to host
Colonization
microorganism present but host does not manifest any signs or symptoms of infection
Light and electron microscope
use electron beam instead of visible light
Geralamo Fracostorious
he wrote three books on the transfer of infections from person to person
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
from Holland, first to observe and describe microorganisms through the scope. Discovered red blood cells, demonstrated capillary connection between arteries and veins.
Lazarro Spallanzani
a naturalist and priest, proposed a theory and proved that heat and air excluded from a tube containing animalcules, if heated they would die and not reoccur
Edward Jenner
developed a vaccine for smallpox
Oliver Wendell Holmes
physician-poet published an article on the contagiousness of puerperal sepsis, which present the theory that disease could be spread by hands of doctors and nurses
Ignaz Semmelweis
1861 published his views of puerperal fever, advised washing hands in a chlorinated lime solution
Louis Pasteur
The father of modern microbiology and bacterioloogy
Louis Pasteur
Developed the theory of fermentation utilized in the production of wine
Louis Pasteur
concluded that the decomposition of dead materials was caused by growth of microorganisms
The Golden Age of Bacteria
1880-1890 many bacteria were discovered
Dr. Ricketts
in 1909 he first observed rickettsea bodies like rocky mountain spotted fever, transmitted by the wood tick
Robert Koch
a German physician who became famous for Koch postulates
Robert Koch
developed culture media (agar) pioneered use of cultures/smears on glass slides
Robert Koch
developed anthrax vaccine along with Pasteur
Robert Koch
isolated and grew mycobacterium tuberculosis
Joseph Lister
1912 - english physician, applied emerging knowledge about the relationship between disease and infection, use asepsis in surgery
Alexander Fleming
1928 discovered penicillin by accident therefore saving his own life during a bout of pneumonia
1940
when was Rh factor discovered, chemotherapy, penicillin, streptomycin, tetrocycline, and other great advances in immunology and vaccines
1901
when did Landsteiner discover the basic blood groups?
1905
when was treponoma pallidum causative agent of syphilis discovered?