microbology
the study of living things too small to be seen w/o magnification
microorganisms, microbes
microscopic organisms (commonly called germs, viruses, agents, etc.) but not all cause disease, many more are useful and essential to human life
we would not be here w/o microorganisms. they help recycle
major groups of microorganisms
bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes (worms), parasitic invertebrate animals and fungi
Branches of Microbiology (6)
-Agricultural = plant things w/bacteria
-Biotechnology = E. coli producing insulin
-Food, dairy and aquatic
-Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology)
-Public health micro and epidemiolgy = CDC, samonella
-Immunology
what are GMOs?
Modified genomes such as strawberries, medical & food
emerging areas of Micro (3)
-Geomicrobiology = microbes in the earth's crust
-Marine = why was it limited before? how do you mimic these things w/in the lab
-Astromicrobiology = potential microbial life in space
Impact of Microbes on Earth:
small organisms w/a giant effect
1. microorganisms have profound influence on all aspects of the earth and its residents
2. bacterial-like organism in fossil records 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryote organisms w/o true nucleus
3. 2 billion years later, eukaryotes (nucleus)
4. Karyote = s
Ubiquity of Microorganisms
1. found nearly everywhere
2. occur in large numbers
3. live in places many other organisms can't
Microbial involvement in energy & nutrient flow
1. bacteria conducted photosynthesis before plants appeared. Autotroph
a. anoygenic photosynthesis = w/o O2, usually O2 is toxic to them
b. oxygenic photosynthesis
2. biological decomposition and nutrient recycling
3. Typical cycles = Carbon & Nitrogen. D
human use of microorganisms
been using them for thousands of years
Ex. bakers and brewers yeast, cheeses (fungi & bacteria can make), moldy bread on wounds (precursor to penicillin), meat tenderization (hypae of fungi break down bonds btw cells), creation of acids and acetone, pickl
biotechnology
When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
1. genetic engineering = create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
2. Recombinant DNA technology = allow microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable
recombinant DNA technology
What must an organism require in order to make "desirable proteins"?
new DNA
Bioremediation
introducing microbes into the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants.
Oil and chemical spills = need to ingest & then breakdown
water and sewage treatment
worldwide infectious diseases
1. increasing # of emerging diseases (SARS, AIDS, hepatitis C, H1N1 MRSA, VRE)
2. other diseases previously not linked to microorganisms now are (gastric ulcers, certain cancers, schizo, MS, OCD coronary artery disease)
3. increasing # of drug resistant s
pathogens
disease causing organisms
psychrophile
cold loving
psychrotroph
cold tolerant
mesophile
middle temp loving
thermophile
heat loving. not pathogenic
hyperthermophile
really hot loving. not pathogenic
General characteristic of Microorganisms
1. Cellular organization
a. Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
i. prokaryotic cell are 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells because = no organelles, no compartments. only function is to get food & reproduce
ii. prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures
organelles - what are they & give example
small double membrane-bound structures
ex. mitochondria, chloroplast
Viruses
1. not independently living cellular organisms
2. much simpler than cells. basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by lipid membrane
3. individuals are called a virus particle or virion
4. depend on the infected cell's mach
virus particle or virion
an individual virus
Lifestyles of microorganisms
1. most live free existence (in soil or water, for example
2. some are parasitic and live in hosts
Historical foundation of microorganisms
1. key to the study of microorganisms was the development of the microscope
2. earliest record of microbes was from the work of Robert Hooke in 1660s who termed "cell"
3. most careful observation was possible after Antonie van Leeuwenhoek created single-l
Establishment of Scientific Method
1. early scientists = mixture of belief, superstition & argument
2. during 1600s true scientific thinking developed
3. development of scientific method
a. formulate hypothesis
b. most use deductive approach (experiments & testing) to apply scientific meth
hypothesis
tentative explanation for what has been observed or measures
theory
collection of statements, propositions concepts to explain an event
Pattern of deductive reasoning #1
(well established principle)
1. hypothesis
2. predictions
3. testing
4. theory/principle
Pattern of deductive reasoning #2
(new hypothesis in early stages)
1. hypothesis
a. modify or possible discard
2. predictions
3. testing/results
a. modify or possibly discard
4. theory
Development of Medical microbiology
Discovery of Spores & Sterilization
sterile
a. Louis Pasteur - 1st worked w/ infusions, 1800s
b. John Tyndall - evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance & difficult to destroy
c. Ferdinand Cohn - discovered that there are some resistant spores (typically outside) & sterili
Development of Medical microbiology
Development of Aseptic Techniques
1. physician & scientists suspect microorganisms could cause disease
2. Joseph Lister - introduced aspectic technique prior to surgery.
sterile
free of all life forms & virus particles
What were Listers aspetic introductions?
disinfecting hands & air w/antiseptic chemicals (phenol)
Discovery of pathogens & Germ Theory of Disease
1. Louis Pasteur
a. Pasteurization = heating up enough to kill bacteria
b. Germ Theory of Disease = human disease arising from infection (from microorganisms)
2. Robert Koch
a. Koch's postulates verified Germ Theory=could establish whether an organism was
Germ Theory of Disease
human disease arising from infection (from microorganisms)
pasteurization
heating up enough to kill bacteria
Koch's postulates
series of proofs verifying germ theory & whether organisms are pathogenic (ability to cause disease) & which disease it caused.
find the illness, then isolate the bacterium & give to something else (ex. cows) & see if cow get sick
Biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation
Redi experiment = closed meat equals no maggots
open meat equal flies hatching into maggots
Schultze & Schwann test = air inlet, flame heats air, previously sterilized infusion remains sterile
Pasteur's test = microbes destroyed with heat, broth free of l
Taxonomy definition
science of classifying living being & identifying organisms
Taxonomy (4)
1. problem w/common names - vary w/ regions
2. microbial nomenclature - naming microorganisms
3. identification - discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified
4. levels of classification - divide from most broad to
microbial nomenclature
naming microorganisms
dumb king philip came over for green spaghetti
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Assigning specific names
standard nomenclature allows scientists to talk all over world
Binomial system of nomenclature
1. binomial = two-name
2. the generic (genus) name followed by the species name
3. Generic is capitalizeed, species is lowercase ****
4. both are italicized or underlined if italics aren't available ****
5. Staphylococcus aureus = clusters of berries that
Scientific names
1. latinized and used worldwide
2. may be descriptive or honor a scientist
Origin & Evolution of Microorganisms
Phylogeny & evolution
A. Phylogeny = degree of relatedness btw groups of living beings
B. based on process of evolution = hereditary info in living things change gradually thru time, results in structural & functional changes thru generations. adapt thru genetic mutation
Two p
phylogeny
degree of relatedness btw groups of living beings
divergent
differing from each other or a standard
difference btw prokaryote & eukaryote
no nucleus vs. nucleus
prokaryote - 2 domains
based on cell analysis (morphology & physiology) and genetic comparisons it was determined that prokaryote have 2 domains
Bacteria & Archaea
4 Kingdoms of Eukaryote
1. Plants
2. Protista
3. Animal
4. Fungi
What prokaryotic kingdom humans most related?
Archaea
Explain important contributions microorgansims make in earth's ecosystems
flow of enery & food.
production of oxygen
decomposition & nutrient recycling
describe in detail 5 different ways in which humans exploit microorganism for our benefit
breakdown of oil spills
vaccines/insulin- manufacture drugs
mine precious metals
yeast/ferment fruit
plant producing natural pesticides
differentiate btw taxonomy, classification & nomenclature
taxonomy = classifies living beings & identifying organisms
nomenclature = system of naming
classification = dividing from most broad to most specific, arranges organisms into a hierachy w/in taxonomy
biogenesis
belief that living things can only arise from other of the same kind
spontaneous generation
early belief that living things arose fromvital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter
genomes
complete set of chromosomes & genes in an organism
microbology
the study of living things too small to be seen w/o magnification
microorganisms, microbes
microscopic organisms (commonly called germs, viruses, agents, etc.) but not all cause disease, many more are useful and essential to human life
we would not be here w/o microorganisms. they help recycle
major groups of microorganisms
bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes (worms), parasitic invertebrate animals and fungi
Branches of Microbiology (6)
-Agricultural = plant things w/bacteria
-Biotechnology = E. coli producing insulin
-Food, dairy and aquatic
-Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology)
-Public health micro and epidemiolgy = CDC, samonella
-Immunology
what are GMOs?
Modified genomes such as strawberries, medical & food
emerging areas of Micro (3)
-Geomicrobiology = microbes in the earth's crust
-Marine = why was it limited before? how do you mimic these things w/in the lab
-Astromicrobiology = potential microbial life in space
Impact of Microbes on Earth:
small organisms w/a giant effect
1. microorganisms have profound influence on all aspects of the earth and its residents
2. bacterial-like organism in fossil records 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryote organisms w/o true nucleus
3. 2 billion years later, eukaryotes (nucleus)
4. Karyote = s
Ubiquity of Microorganisms
1. found nearly everywhere
2. occur in large numbers
3. live in places many other organisms can't
Microbial involvement in energy & nutrient flow
1. bacteria conducted photosynthesis before plants appeared. Autotroph
a. anoygenic photosynthesis = w/o O2, usually O2 is toxic to them
b. oxygenic photosynthesis
2. biological decomposition and nutrient recycling
3. Typical cycles = Carbon & Nitrogen. D
human use of microorganisms
been using them for thousands of years
Ex. bakers and brewers yeast, cheeses (fungi & bacteria can make), moldy bread on wounds (precursor to penicillin), meat tenderization (hypae of fungi break down bonds btw cells), creation of acids and acetone, pickl
biotechnology
When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
1. genetic engineering = create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
2. Recombinant DNA technology = allow microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable
recombinant DNA technology
What must an organism require in order to make "desirable proteins"?
new DNA
Bioremediation
introducing microbes into the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants.
Oil and chemical spills = need to ingest & then breakdown
water and sewage treatment
worldwide infectious diseases
1. increasing # of emerging diseases (SARS, AIDS, hepatitis C, H1N1 MRSA, VRE)
2. other diseases previously not linked to microorganisms now are (gastric ulcers, certain cancers, schizo, MS, OCD coronary artery disease)
3. increasing # of drug resistant s
pathogens
disease causing organisms
psychrophile
cold loving
psychrotroph
cold tolerant
mesophile
middle temp loving
thermophile
heat loving. not pathogenic
hyperthermophile
really hot loving. not pathogenic
General characteristic of Microorganisms
1. Cellular organization
a. Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
i. prokaryotic cell are 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells because = no organelles, no compartments. only function is to get food & reproduce
ii. prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures
organelles - what are they & give example
small double membrane-bound structures
ex. mitochondria, chloroplast
Viruses
1. not independently living cellular organisms
2. much simpler than cells. basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by lipid membrane
3. individuals are called a virus particle or virion
4. depend on the infected cell's mach
virus particle or virion
an individual virus
Lifestyles of microorganisms
1. most live free existence (in soil or water, for example
2. some are parasitic and live in hosts
Historical foundation of microorganisms
1. key to the study of microorganisms was the development of the microscope
2. earliest record of microbes was from the work of Robert Hooke in 1660s who termed "cell"
3. most careful observation was possible after Antonie van Leeuwenhoek created single-l
Establishment of Scientific Method
1. early scientists = mixture of belief, superstition & argument
2. during 1600s true scientific thinking developed
3. development of scientific method
a. formulate hypothesis
b. most use deductive approach (experiments & testing) to apply scientific meth
hypothesis
tentative explanation for what has been observed or measures
theory
collection of statements, propositions concepts to explain an event
Pattern of deductive reasoning #1
(well established principle)
1. hypothesis
2. predictions
3. testing
4. theory/principle
Pattern of deductive reasoning #2
(new hypothesis in early stages)
1. hypothesis
a. modify or possible discard
2. predictions
3. testing/results
a. modify or possibly discard
4. theory
Development of Medical microbiology
Discovery of Spores & Sterilization
sterile
a. Louis Pasteur - 1st worked w/ infusions, 1800s
b. John Tyndall - evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance & difficult to destroy
c. Ferdinand Cohn - discovered that there are some resistant spores (typically outside) & sterili
Development of Medical microbiology
Development of Aseptic Techniques
1. physician & scientists suspect microorganisms could cause disease
2. Joseph Lister - introduced aspectic technique prior to surgery.
sterile
free of all life forms & virus particles
What were Listers aspetic introductions?
disinfecting hands & air w/antiseptic chemicals (phenol)
Discovery of pathogens & Germ Theory of Disease
1. Louis Pasteur
a. Pasteurization = heating up enough to kill bacteria
b. Germ Theory of Disease = human disease arising from infection (from microorganisms)
2. Robert Koch
a. Koch's postulates verified Germ Theory=could establish whether an organism was
Germ Theory of Disease
human disease arising from infection (from microorganisms)
pasteurization
heating up enough to kill bacteria
Koch's postulates
series of proofs verifying germ theory & whether organisms are pathogenic (ability to cause disease) & which disease it caused.
find the illness, then isolate the bacterium & give to something else (ex. cows) & see if cow get sick
Biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation
Redi experiment = closed meat equals no maggots
open meat equal flies hatching into maggots
Schultze & Schwann test = air inlet, flame heats air, previously sterilized infusion remains sterile
Pasteur's test = microbes destroyed with heat, broth free of l
Taxonomy definition
science of classifying living being & identifying organisms
Taxonomy (4)
1. problem w/common names - vary w/ regions
2. microbial nomenclature - naming microorganisms
3. identification - discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified
4. levels of classification - divide from most broad to
microbial nomenclature
naming microorganisms
dumb king philip came over for green spaghetti
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Assigning specific names
standard nomenclature allows scientists to talk all over world
Binomial system of nomenclature
1. binomial = two-name
2. the generic (genus) name followed by the species name
3. Generic is capitalizeed, species is lowercase ****
4. both are italicized or underlined if italics aren't available ****
5. Staphylococcus aureus = clusters of berries that
Scientific names
1. latinized and used worldwide
2. may be descriptive or honor a scientist
Origin & Evolution of Microorganisms
Phylogeny & evolution
A. Phylogeny = degree of relatedness btw groups of living beings
B. based on process of evolution = hereditary info in living things change gradually thru time, results in structural & functional changes thru generations. adapt thru genetic mutation
Two p
phylogeny
degree of relatedness btw groups of living beings
divergent
differing from each other or a standard
difference btw prokaryote & eukaryote
no nucleus vs. nucleus
prokaryote - 2 domains
based on cell analysis (morphology & physiology) and genetic comparisons it was determined that prokaryote have 2 domains
Bacteria & Archaea
4 Kingdoms of Eukaryote
1. Plants
2. Protista
3. Animal
4. Fungi
What prokaryotic kingdom humans most related?
Archaea
Explain important contributions microorgansims make in earth's ecosystems
flow of enery & food.
production of oxygen
decomposition & nutrient recycling
describe in detail 5 different ways in which humans exploit microorganism for our benefit
breakdown of oil spills
vaccines/insulin- manufacture drugs
mine precious metals
yeast/ferment fruit
plant producing natural pesticides
differentiate btw taxonomy, classification & nomenclature
taxonomy = classifies living beings & identifying organisms
nomenclature = system of naming
classification = dividing from most broad to most specific, arranges organisms into a hierachy w/in taxonomy
biogenesis
belief that living things can only arise from other of the same kind
spontaneous generation
early belief that living things arose fromvital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter
genomes
complete set of chromosomes & genes in an organism