dysuria
Frequent, urgent, and painful urination
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
Gummas
painful, noncontagious, rubbery mass of tissue in organs/ on skin seen in the Tertiary stage of Syphillis.
cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Condylomata acuminata
Signs and Symptoms: warts, large cauliflower-like growths on the mucous membranes or exterior skin of genitalia; can be associated with cervical and penile cancer
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
any extensive bacterial infection of female pelvic organs
lactobacilli
normal microbiota in the vagina
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea caused by ______.
gonorrhea
attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae>> invade epithelial cells>> reproduce>> release endotoxin>> inflammation>> cell destruction
gonorrhea
Signs & Symptoms: females may be asymptomatic, have mild vaginal discharge or mucopurulent discharge; no immunity conferred
gonorrhea
Signs & Symptoms: males have painful urination and pus discharge that is evident a few days to a week post exposure; if not treated scar tissue can block urethra or lead to sterility; no immunity conferred
gonorrhea
This disease produces an IgA protease that destroys secretory IgA and allows for more receptor binding.
Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
any urethra inflammation not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
most commonly sexually transmitted pathogen in the US
Chlamydia trachomatis
Signs & Symptoms: painful urination, watery discharge, itching; may be transmitted to newborn eyes,
pelvic inflammatory disease
N. gonorrheoae / C. Trachomatis / pain or blocked tubes
Primary Syphilis
Stage of syphilis characterized by painless, chancre sores at the infection site; highly contagious stage; chancres resolve, but the bacteria infiltrates the blood and lymph
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis is caused by _______.
Syphilis
In this disease, the Gram negative spirochete triggers a strong inflammatory response, but there is no toxin released and no direct host cell death.
Syphilis
Treatment for this disease is penicillin, even though its gram negative
chancres
primary stage of syphilis characterized by these sores at the infection site:
skin and mucosal rashes
secondary stage of syphilis characterized by:
Gardnerella vaginalis
Gardnerella vaginosis is caused by ______.
amines
As Gardnerella vaginalis grows it produces _______, which increase pH and contribute to the fishy odor common with Gardnerella vaginosis.
Gardnerella vaginosis
Diagnosis by Whiff test or Clue cells
Gardnerella vaginosis
Signs and Symptoms: copious, frothy vaginal discharge, gray-white color, fishy odor, no pain, itching possible, vaginal pH above 4.5
genital herpes
most of these are caused by HSV1 or HSV2
genital herpes
A recurrence of this disease happens when virus filled vesicles pop open
genital herpes
(suppression:) acyclovir or valacyclovir
genital warts
human papillomaviruses (HPV)
cervical cancer
(vaccine:) Guardasil
candidiasis
candida albicans
candida albicans
grows on mucosa of mouth, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
Candida albicans
Candidiasis (or vaginal thrush) is caused by _____.
Candidiasis
Signs & Symptoms: severe itch, white/yellow cheesy discharge, a yeasty or no odor, reddened vaginal mucosa
Trichmonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis is caused by this protazoan that only affects women.
Trichomoniasis
One-half of females carrying this disease are asymptomatic and males rarely have symptoms.
Trichomoniasis (protazoan)
Signs & Symptoms: profuse & frothy yellow-green discharge, foul odor, itch and irritation, and tender/red vaginal mucosa
herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2)
Genital herpes is caused by
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis caused by bacterial infection
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Condylomata acuminata or Genital Warts is caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is caused by _____.
Salpingitis
uterine tube infection
PID
chronic pain, infertility via Salpingits
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urethritis
urinary infections are frequently caused by _____.
E. coli
This bacterium causes most UTIs.
UTI
Signs and symptoms: dysuria, urgency, hematuria, pyuria
coliform
intestinal bacteria like E. coli
shorter urethra and proximity to anus
Cystitis is more common in women for these 2 reasons:
cystitis
Signs and Symptoms: dysuria and pyuria
pyelonephritis
Signs and Symptoms: fever, back/flank pain, scar tissue to organ and potentially life threatening if no timely treatment
very sensitive to environmental stresses and require intimate contact for transmission
What are 2 characteristics of microbes associated with reproductive system infections?
pharyngeal gonorrhea
a type of gonorrhea that resembles septic sore throat
Gonococcal Opthalmia Neonatorum
Purulent discharge from baby's eye (2-3 days postpartum), can cause blindness; frequently co-infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Signs and Symptoms: males may be asymptomatic or mild; discharge and dysuria, epidiymitis, or sterility
Chlamydia trachomatis
Signs and Symptoms: females may be asymptomatic, or exhibit dysuria, cervicitis, discharge; can cause PID, infertility or cervical cancer
Chlamydia trachomatis
Trachoma is caused by ______.
Trachoma
causes conjunctivitis and is the leading cause of blindness; topical antibiotic drops are given at birth to prevent blindness
Secondary Syphilis
stage of syphilis occurring several weeks after spirochete has infiltrated system; skin rash on body, palm and soles of feet is a cardinal sign; fever, sore throat, loss of hair, and highly contagious lesions
Secondary Syphilis
During this stage of Syphilis, the disease goes latent with no signs/symptoms, but it is still communicable. After 2-4 years of latency can still be infectious to fetuses.
Tertiary Syphilis
Stage of Syphilis that arises 5 or more years after latency; cardinal sign is non-contagious Gumma lesions; can lead to endocarditis, and damage to the CNS (loss of motor control, insanity, blindness, seizures)
genital herpes (HSV2)
Signs & Symptoms: burning sensation, followed by vesicle, possible dysuria, walking uncomfortable, clothing may irritate, heals in several weeks
genital herpes (HSV2)
Women with this disease exhibit vesicles on the exterior genitalia, making condoms minimally useful.
genital herpes (HSV2)
This disease remains latent in the sacral ganglia, last forever, and can be reactivated by scratching.
warts
benign tumors on the epidermis
Kaposi's Sarcoma
What is the rare skin/blood vessel cancer associated with AIDS?
HIV
AIDS is caused by ______.
-HIV hides attachment sites from antibodies
-HIV can remain in host cell as a latent provirus or as latent virions in macrophages
-HIV undergoes rapid antigen changes or mutations
-HIV engage in cell-to-cell fusion
What four strategies does HIV use to mute the body's immune system efforts?
T Cells
99% of all HIV's are produced by these cells
2 days
How long do infected T cells survive?
2 years
How long do uninfected T cells usually survive?
leucopenia
decrease in WBC count
long-term non-progressors
5% of people who don't convert from HIV to AIDS; they live free of AIDS and it signs and symptoms, because their Thelper Cells remain stable.
long-term non-infected
people who have been subjected to multiple HIV exposures and are never infected
-CD4 cells are innately resistant
-CCR5 gene is defective
-no co-receptr for viral binding to host cell
What are 3 reasons why long-term non-infected people may not contract HIV despite numerous exposures?
Primary effects of HIV
harm to T cells and harm to CNS due to infected macrophages crossing the blood-brain barrier
secondary effects of HIV
opportunistic infections and malignancies
AIDS Category A
asymptomatic or mononucleosis-like symptoms with lymphanopathy that may resolve or persist
AIDS Category B
persistent infections, precancerous or cancerous conditions of cervix or oral mucosa (e.g. Hairy leukoplakia)
AIDS Category C
clinical AIDS (fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neuro S/S, pneumonia, night sweats, etc.)
hairy leukoplakia
White patch seen on the lateral border of the tongue; usually seen in HIV and other immunocompromised patients:
seroconversion
Period when antibodies against the HIV are first detectable in the blood
plasma viral load test
Measures the amount of HIV in blood and produces results in 72 hours
oral swab test
HIV test that provides results in 20 minutes
rapid mutation and reproductive rates
Name 2 reasons why it is difficult to produce an HIV vaccine.
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
combination of drugs used to treat AIDS
AZT
The drug ________seems to slow down the AID's infection by inserting itself into a growing DNA chain of HIV and terminating synthesis.
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
These drugs prevent RNA from converting to DNA in HIV patients
protease inhibitors
Antiviral drugs used in HIV patients, which inhibit the action of viral protease by binding directly to the catalytic site, preventing viral protein processing
Integrase inhibitors
drug that blocks HIV integration into the host genome
Fuzeon
An HIV drug that acts as a fusion inhibitor to prevent viral fusing with the host membrane
AIDS
T helper cells of 200 cells/mm and at least one AIDS-defining illness
Gonorrhea
AKA "the clap
cell-mediated and humoral
Thelper cells are the lynchpin between these two types of immunity.