Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Identify the role of ATP as an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism.
catabolism is energy forming (ADP+P --> ATP) so in catabolis ATP is the product. anabolism: is energy storing (ATP --> ADP +P) in anabolism ATP starts the reaction. SO: ADP + P --> <-- ATP
Identify the components of an enzyme.
Enzymes are proteins (mostly globular), produced by living cells, that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Describe the mechanism of enzymatic activity
1. When an enzyme and substrate combine, the substrate is transformed, and the enzyme is recovered. 2. Enzymes are characterized by specificity, which is a function of their active sites.
factors that influence enzyme activity.
1. At high temperatures, enzymes undergo denaturation and lose their catalytic properties; at low temperatures, the reaction rate decreases. 2.The pH at which enzymatic activity is maximal is known as the optimum pH. 3. Within limits, enzymatic activity i
ribozyme
enzymatic RNA molecules that cut and splice RNA in eukaryotic cells.
Explain what is meant by oxidation-reduction
1. Oxidation is the removal of one or more electrons from a substrate. Protons (H+) are often removed with the electrons. 2. Reduction of a substrate refers to its gain of one or more electrons. 3. Each time a substrate is oxidized, another is simultaneou
List and provide examples of three types of phosphorylation reactions that generate ATP
1. Energy released during certain metabolic reactions can be trapped to form ATP from ADP and P (a single phosphate ion). Addition of P to a molecule is called phosphorylation. 2. During substrate-level phosphorylation, a high-energy P from an intermediat
Explain the overall function of biochemical pathways
Polysaccharide biosynthesis: 1. Glycogen is formed from ADPG (gluconeogenesis). 2. UDPNAc is the starting material for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. Lipid biosynthesis: 1. Lipids are synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol. 2. Glycerol is derived f
Describe the chemical reactions of glycolysis
1.The most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose is glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is the end-product. 2.Two ATP and two NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule
Explain the products of the Krebs cycle
1.Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces ONE CO2 molecule and ONE acetyl group. 2.Two-carbon acetyl groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle. Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the electron transport chain. 3.From one molecule of glucose, oxidati
Describe the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation
1.Protons being pumped across membrane generate a proton motive force as electrons move through a series of acceptors or carriers. 2.Energy produced from movement of the protons back across the membrane is used by ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and P.
aerobic respiration
1. In aerobic prokaryotes, 38 ATP molecules can be produced from complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 2. In eukaryotes, 36 ATP molecules are produced from complete oxidation of a
Describe the chemical reactions of, and list some products of, fermentation
1. Fermentation releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules by oxidation. 2. O2 is not required in fermentation. 3. Two ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. 4. Electrons removed from the substrate reduce NAD+. 5.The fi
Describe how lipids and proteins are prepared for glycolysis
Lipid catabolism: 1.Lipases hydrolyze simple lipids (triglycerides) into glycerol and fatty acids. 2. Fatty acids and other hydrocarbons are catabolized by beta oxidation. 3. Catabolic products can be further broken down in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Provide an example of the use of biochemical tests to identify bacteria.
1. Bacteria and yeasts can be identified by detecting action of their enzymes. 2. Fermentation tests are used to determine whether an organism can ferment a carbohydrate to produce acid and gas
Compare and contrast cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
1. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons return to the chlorophyll. 2. In noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons are used to reduce NADP, and electrons are returned to chlorophyll from H2O or H2S.
light reactions of photosynthesis "photophosphorylation
1. Chlorophyll is used by green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria; it is found in thylakoid membranes. 2.Electrons from chlorophyll pass through an electron transport chain, from which ATP is produced by chemiosmosis. 3. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the
Compare and contrast oxidative phosphorylation with photophosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation --> NAD+, FAD, --> NRG + P + ADP --> ATP. Photophosphorylation: ADP+P+sunlight ~>ATP
Summarize energy production in cells
1. Sunlight is converted to chemical energy in oxidation-reduction reactions carried on by phototrophs. Chemotrophs can use this chemical energy. 2. In oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is derived from the transfer of electrons. 3. To produce energy,
Categorize the various nutritional patterns among organisms according to carbon source and mechanisms of carbohydrate catabolism and ATP generation.
1. Most of a cell's energy is produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates, 2. Glucose is the most commonly used carbohydrate. 3. The two major types of glucose catabolism are respiration, in which glucose is completely broken down, and fermentation, in w
Describe the major types of anabolism and their relationship to catabolism
Anabolic processes produce peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and nucleic acids. These molecules comprise all the materials of living cells, such as membranes and chromosomes, as well as the specialized products of specific types of cells, such a
amphibolic pathways
Function as catabolic and anabolic pathways
Catabolism
(TEARING DOWN OF BONDS) Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the BREAKDOWN, of more complex. Which usually release energy.
Anabolism
(BUILDING UP BONDS) Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to from more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy.
anaerobic respiration
1.The terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration include NO3-, SO42-, CO32-, and Fe3+.Respiration that does not require oxygen. 2.The total ATP yield is less than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic
dark reactions of photosynthesis:
known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. CO2 is used to synthesize sugars.
ATP generation
substrate level --> phosphorylation C-C-P --> P+ ADP+ --> ADP