atomic number
number of protons
atomic weight
sum of the number of protons and neurons in an atom
isotopes
atoms of a particular element that contain different numbers of neutrons
radioisotopes
_________ isotopes emit ________ ___________ of radiation
unstable isotopes emit subatomic particles of radiation
ionic bonds
cation: postive ion
Anion: negative ion
attraction between ions with opposite charges
Covalent bond
sharing pairs of electrons
Chemical bonds
hydrogen bonds: __________ sharing of electrons of the ___________ bond
uneven sharing of electrons of the covalent bond
Basic chemical reactions
Metabolism: _______ reactions inside ________ organisms
Catabolism: _____________ reactions (_____________)
_____________ yields _________________
Anabolism: __________ reactions ( _____________)
____________ yields __________
Metabolism: chemical reactions inside living organisms
Catabolism: exergonic reactions (break down)
x-y yields x + Y + energy
Anabolism: Endergonic ( build up)
x + Y + energy yields x - y
Basic chemical reactions
Dehydration synthesis: __________ water
_______________yields _________________
hydrolis: _______________ water
______________yields _________________
Dehydration synthesis: removing water
x-h + HO-Y yields X-Y + H2O
hydrolis: adding water
x-Y + H2O yields X-H + HO-Y
Water
Surface tension: surface of ________ acts as a ______, ________, elastic membrane
specific heat: water can ________ or release large quantitates of __________ energy with __________ temperature ________, helps to __________ the temperature of living
Surface tension: surface of water acts as a thin, invisible, elastic membrane
specific heat: water can absorb or release large quantitates of heat energy with little temperature change, helps to stabilize the temperature of living organisms
Solutions
Mixtures are ____________
Solvent: the medium in which substances are _________
Solute: ____________ disolved in the _________
colloids: solute particles ____________
Mixtures are clear
Solvent: the medium in which substances are dissolved
Solute: substance disolved in the solvent
colloids: solute particles suspended
Acids: Chemical compound that _______ H+ (________) when added to _________
Bases: Chemical compounds that _______ H+ or release _____________ in water
pH: Measures the concentration of __________ of a _______. pH is a __________ scale
Acids: Chemical compound that release H+ (proton) when added to water
Bases: Chemical compounds that accept H+ or release OH- in water
pH: Measures the concentration of protons, (H+) of a solution. pH is a logarithmic scale
Where is the growth of acidophilic bacteria?
Where is the growth of most bacteria?
Human blood?
Growth of fungi
1-3
6-9
7.4
5-9
Organic compounds contain ______ and ________
C and H
Functional group: part of a _________ that generally participates in _________ reactions as a unit and gives the molecule some of its ____________ properties
reduction: ________ oxygen
Oxidized: ________ oxygen
functional group: part of a molecule that generally participates in chemical reactions asa unit and gives the molecule some of its chemical properties
reduction: little oxygen
Oxidized: more oxygen
complex organic compounds: contain more _________ and __________ groups than simple organic compounds
Polymers: ___________ chains of ____________ units of _________
Functions: S________, e_________, en__________, st______ and r________ of information
Exa
complex organic compounds: contain more atoms and functional groups than simple organic compounds
Polymers: Long chains of repeating units of glucose
Functions: Structural, enzymatic, energy, storage and retrieval of information
Examples: Carbohydrates, l
Carbohydrates
monosaccharide: consists of a _________ chain or ring with several ________ groups and one other _________ group. Several monosaccharides such as _____ and _______ are ______
different _______ groups
monosaccharide: consists of a carbon chain or ring with several alcohol groups and one other functional group. Several monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose are isomers
different functional groups
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides: formed when ______ monosaccharides are connected by the removal of ______ and the formation of a ________ bond
sucrose is made of ________ and ________
Disaccharides: formed when two monosaccharides are connected by the removal of water and the formation of a glycosidic bond
sucrose is made of glucose and fructose
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides:
S_________: Plants and most _______, stores _______
g__________: breaks down into ________ as ________
c____________: ____________ component of _____ walls
Polysaccharides:
Starch: Plants and most algae, stores energy
glycogen: breaks down into glucose as energy
cellulose: structural component of cell walls
lipids
fats: ________ which is a carbohydrate is linked to 3 long chain _________ __________. Used by cells to store ________
bond is called _______ bond
mixture of _________ and ________ _________
lipids
fats: Glycerol which is a carbohydrate is linked to 3 long chain fatty acids. Used by cells to store energy
bond is called ester bond
mixture of glycerol and fatty acids
lipid
phospholipid
fat with _____________ acid substituted in place of __________fatty acid. Negative charge of __________ interacts with ___________ water molecules. Major component of ____________ membrane.
two hydroxyl groups: ____________ and ________
lipid
phospholipid
fat with phosphoric acid substituted in place 1 fatty acid. Negative charge of phosphate interacts with polar water molecules. Major component of cell membrane.
two hydroxyl groups: hydrophobic and hydrophilic
lipids
steroids
__________ fused ____________ rings linked to a side ________ component of cell membrane of ________, animals and some microorganisms.
they include ______________
lipids
steroids
four fused carbon rings linked to a side chain component of cell membrane of plants, animals and some microorganisms.
they include cholesterol
Proteins: ____________ of amino acids
composed of building blocks called ________ acids which have at least one amino (__________) group and one acidic ___________ (-COOH) group.
Proteins: Polymers of amino acids
composed of building blocks called amino acids which have at least one amino (-NH2) group and one acidic carboxyl (-COOH) group.
Amino acids
each amino acid is _______________ by a different chemical group called an _________________ group
Amino acids
each amino acid is distinguishable by a different chemical group called an R group
A protein is a polymer of amino acids joined by __________ bonds
two amino acids linked together make a ______________
A protein is a polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
two amino acids linked together make a dipeptide
Protein structure
Primary structure of a protein consists of the ___________ ____________ of amnio acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure of a protein consists of the _________ or _________ of amino acids chains into a particular ____________
t
Protein structure
Primary structure of a protein consists of the specific sequence of amnio acids in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary structure of a protein consists of the folding or coiling of amino acids chains into a particular pattern
tertiary structur
Classification of proteins
Structural proteins: contribute to the _______________structures of cells
Enzymes: protein ____________
regulatory proteins:
transport proteins:
antibodies
Structural proteins: contribute to the three-dimensional structures of cells
Enzymes: protein catalysts
nucleotides consist of
1. Organic base that contain ______________
2. ______________ (five carbon) sugar
3. ______________ group(s)
Functions:
1. Source of ________________
2. Building blocs of ___________ acids (________ and ______)
nucleotides consist of
1. Organic base the contain nitrogen
2. pentose (five carbon) sugar
3. Phosphate group(s)
Functions:
1. Source of energy
2. Building blocs of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
DNA has
ATGC
RNA has
AUG C