bribery of a public official
offering an item of value to an individual occupying an official position to influence a decision or action
crimes of official misconduct
knowingly corrupt behavior by a public official in exercise of his or her official responsibility
disclose or abstain doctrine
the obligation to either make corporate information public or refrain from trading in the corporation's stock
environmental crimes
crimes that threaten the natural environment, including harm to the air, water, land, and natural resources
fiduciary relationship
a duty of care owed by a corporate official to the stock-holders in a corporation
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
illegal for an individual or company to bribe a foreign official in order to gain assistance in obtaining or retaining business
fraud
an international misrepresentation of a material existing fact with knowledge of its falsity, intended to induce another person to part with money, property, or a legal right
graft
asking, accepting, receiving, or giving a thing of value as compensation or a reward for making an official decision
insider trading
use of the confidential corporate information to buy or sell stocks
mail fraud
knowing and intentional participation in a scheme or artifice intended to obtain money or property through the use of the mails to execute the scheme
misappropriation doctrine
an individual is prohibited from using inside information obtained from a firm or cooperation to trade in another corporation's stock
money laundering
financial transaction involving proceeds or property derived from unlawful activity
Occupational Safety and Health Act
a federal law protecting workplace safety
pump and dump
spreading false information to drive up the price of stock
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
a securities fraud statue that requires corporate executives officers to certify that corporate financial statements are accurate
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
criminal punishment of contracts, combinations, and conspiracies in restraint of interstate commerce
tippees
individuals who receive insider information
tippers
individuals who provide insider information
Travel Act
interstate or foreign travel or use of the mails or of a facility in interstate or international commerce with the intent to distribute the process of any specified unlawful activity or violence or to promote a specified unlawful activity and thereafter to commit or attempt to commit a crime
white-collar crime
crimes committed by an individual of high status in the course of his or her occupation; the US Justice Department defines it as an illegal act that employs deceit and concealment rather than the application of force to obtain money, property, or service, to avoid the payment or loss of money, or to secure a business or professional advantage
wire fraud
knowing and intentional participation in a scheme or artifice intended to obtain money or property through the use of interstate wire communication