What are functions of the respiratory system?
A. Filters small blood clots from the bloodstream
B. Syntheszes angiotensin II, which helps to regulate blood pressure
C. Serves for speech and other vocalization
What is the layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung?
visceral pleura
What is the outermost layer of the pleural membrane?
parietal pleura
What is the fluid filled area between the pleural layers called?
pleura cavity
True or False:
The pleural membranes function like a fluid filled balloon that completely surrounds the heart.
False
Place the respiratory structures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration.
1. nares
2. vestibule
3. nasal cavity
4. choanae
5. nasopharynx
6. oropharynx
7. laryngopharynx
8. larynx
Place the following structures in the correct order through which a molecule of air would pass as it moves from the nose to the alveoli.
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
4. trachea
5. carina
6. main bronchi
7. lobar bronchi
8. segmental bronchi
9. bronchiole
10. terminal bronchiole
11. respiratory bronchiole
Structures that Functions in Immunity or Protection
A. mucociliary escalator
B. alveolar macrophages
C. vibrissae
D. cilia
E. tonsils
F. compartmentalization
Structures that Functions in Respiration
A. nasal cartilages
B. c-rings
C. surfactant
D. high alveolar surface
Inspiration begins as __________.
diaphragm contracts
What is the result of inspiration?
An increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure
What occurs during expiration?
Decreased alveolar volume causes increased alveolar pressure.
True or False:
The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the ambient (outside) air.
False
True or False:
If the volume of the alveoli increased, the pressure would decrease.
True
Decreases Thoracic Volume, Increases Thoracic Pressure
A. internal intercostals
B. rectus abdominus
C. external abdominal oblique
D. valsalva maneuver
Increases Thoracic Volume, Decreases Thoracic Pressure
A. sternocleidomaster
B. diaphragm
C. scalenes
D. serratus anterior
E. pectoralis minor
F. external intercostals
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
residual volume
The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing
tidal volume
After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully
inspiratory reserve volume
If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get
vital capacity
The vital capacity minus the ____ equals the inspiratory capacity.
expiratory reserve volume
The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring
forced expiratory volume
Which of the following is true at the arterial ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
The Po2 is lower in the capillaries than in the alveoli.
Which of the following is true at the venous ends of the pulmonary capillaries?
The Pco2 is equal in the capillaries and in the alveoli.
At the arterial end of a tissue capillary, rank the following structures from highest to lowest Po2.
1. capillaries
2. tissue fluid
3. cells
True or False:
When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs.
True
True or False:
Gases diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
True
True or False:
The partial pressure of a gas is measured in millimeters of mercury.
True
True or False:
At the venous end of tissue capillaries, there is no net movement of O2 and CO2.
True
What determines the direction of gas movement?
partial pressure difference
Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the lungs is true?
Po2 in the lungs > Po2 in the blood
Pco2 in the lungs < Pco2 in the blood
Which of the following statements about partial pressures of gases in the tissues is true?
Po2 in blood > Po2 in tissues
Pco2 in blood < Pco2 in tissues
True or False:
Oxygen-rich blood is carried through pulmonary arteries from the lungs to the heart.
False
True or False:
Oxygen-poor blood is carried through systemic veins from the body tissues back to the heart.
True
Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.04% carbon dioxide. If we assume sea-level pressure of 760 mm Hg, what is the Po2?
159 mm Hg
levels of Po2 and Pco2 with the tissue fluid in the circulatory route
PO2 40 mm Hg
PCO2 46 mm Hg
levels of Po2 and Pco2 with the oxygenated blood in the circulatory route
PO2 95 mm Hg
PCO2 40 mm Hg
levels of Po2 and Pco2 with the alveolar air in the circulatory route
PO2 104 mm Hg
PCO2 40 mm Hg
Increases Respiratory Rhythm
A. blood pH decreases
B. levels of CO2 in the blood increase
C. arterial PO2 drops below 60 mm Hg
D. blood levels of hydrogen ions increase
Decreases Respiratory Rhythm
A. blood pH increases
B. blood levels of hydrogen ions decrease
Alveolar gas exchange occurs in the
lungs