What makes up a hydroxyl group?
-OH
What is the name of a compound with a hydroxyl group?
an alcohol (specific names usually end in -ol)
What is an example of an alcohol?
ethanol (it's present in alcoholic beverages)
What are the functional properties of the hydroxyl group?
- It's polar because the oxygen is more electronegative.
- It can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds like sugars.
What makes up a carbonyl group?
>C=O
What is the name of a compound with a carbonyl group?
- ketone if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton
- aldehyde if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton
What are examples of compounds with carbonyl groups?
- acetone (a ketone)
- propanal (an aldehyde)
What are the functional properties of the carbonyl group?
- A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties.
- Ketones and aldehydes can be found in sugars, making two classes of sugars: ketoses and aldoses.
What makes up a carboxyl group?
-COOH
What is the name of a compound with a carboxyl group?
a carboxylic acid (organic acid)
What is an example of a compound with a carboxyl group?
acetic acid (gives vinegar its sour taste)
What are the functional properties of the carboxyl group?
- acts as an acid, can donate H+ ions because the OH bond is polar
- found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion
What makes up an amino group?
-NH2
What is the name of a compound with an amino group?
an amine
What is an example of a compound with an amino group?
glycine (it has an amino group and a carboxyl group, thus making it an amino acid)
What are the functional properties of the amino group?
- acts as a base, can pick up an H+ ion from surrounding solution
- found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+
What makes up a sulfhydryl group?
-SH
What is the name of a compound with a sulfhydryl group?
a thiol
What is an example of a compound with a sulfhydryl group?
cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid
What are the functional properties of the sulfhydryl group?
- Two sulfhydryl groups can react and form a covalent bond, helping stabilize proteins in the tertiary structure.
- Cross linking of cysteines in hair proteins can maintain a curly or straight shape. Straight hair can be curled by using curlers to break a
What makes up a phosphate group?
-OPO3^2-
What is the name of a compound with a phosphate group?
an organic phosphate
What is an example of a compound with a phosphate group?
glycerol phosphate (its important in many cellular chemical reactions and makes the backbone for phospholipids)
What are the functional properties of the phosphate group?
- contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2- when it is at the end of a molecule, 1- when it is in the middle)
- Molecules with this group have the potential to react with water to release energy.
What makes up the methyl group?
-CH3
What is the name a compound with a methyl group?
a methylated compound
What is an example of a compound with a methyl group?
5-methyl cytosine, a DNA component that is modified with the addition of -CH3
What are the functional properties of the methyl group?
- When bonded to DNA or other molecules bounded to DNA, it affects gene expression.
- Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affect shape and function.
What is an alkane?
- a hydrocarbon with only single bonds
- ex. methane
What is an alkene?
- a hydrocarbon with at least one double bond
- ex. ethene, propene
What is an alkyne?
- a hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond
- ex. ethyne, propyne
What is an alcohol?
- a compound with a hydroxyl group
- ex. methanol, ethanol
What is a ketone?
- a compound with a carbonyl group in the center of the carbon chain
- ex. propanone (acetone), butanone
What is an aldehyde?
- a compound with a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain
- ex. methanal (formaldehyde), ethanal
What is an acid?
- a compound usually with a carboxyl group
- ex. propanoic acid
What is an ester?
- a compound with a carboxyl group, however, the H is replaced with some hydrocarbon
- ex. methyl methanoate
What is a primary amide?
- a combination of a carbonyl and amino group
- ex. methanamide, propanamide
What is a secondary amide?
a combination of a carbonyl and amino group where one of the H atoms of the amino group is replaced with R
What is a tertiary amide?
a combination of a carbonyl and amino group where both of the H atoms of the amino group are replaced with Rs.
What is an ether?
- an oxygen atom surrounded bonded to two hydrocarbon chains
- dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether
What is an amine?
- a compound with an amino group
- ex. ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine