Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
Polymer
A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain.
isomer
Compounds with the same number of atoms but different 3-D shapes. They are bonded by covalent bonds. Butane and Isobutane are examples
organic
Contain carbon
hydrolysis
A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion. Means to break with water. need to break down the polymers because polymers are too big to enter the cells
dehydration synthesis
Cells link monomers together to form polymers by a dehydration synthesis, a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together.
polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides A molecule formed by joining many monosaccharides together. Polysaccharides are typically energy-storage molecules (glycogen in animals, starch in plants) or structural molecules (cellulose i
monosaccharide
a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars. Glucose (simplest of all, in plants), fructose (fruit) , galactose (milk) --simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbs.
carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy. C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio, monomer is monosaccharides, examples are glucose, fructose and cellulose
lipids
Fats; they are insoluble which means, hydrophobic. They are hydrophobic because of non polar bonds. CHO, NOT in 1:2:1 ratio. Lipids are NOT built from similar monomer, Not huge molecules like other macromolecules. Examples are phospholipids, steroids, cho
Fats
large lipids made of two smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids; these two molecules linked together to make Triglyceride- formed by dehydration synthesis
Nucleic acid
CHOPN - used for genetic information storage (DNA), interpreting genetic info (RNA), and also the source of cellular energy to do anything for everything alive. CHOPN; nucleotides are the monomers which consist of phosphate group and nitrogenous base
Proteins
Amino acids are the monomer state for Proteins, they are held together by peptide bonds.; CHON
-They form muscles (structural) , hormones (signal) and enzymes; hemoglobin are all types of proteins
Amino Acids
20 of them; Building blocks of protein; monomer of proteins A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino group; joined by dehydration synthesis; the bond between amino acids is called peptide bond
Hydrocarbon
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen; methane
Macromolecules
Four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), made from monomers, except lipids
Hydrophobic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
Hydrophilic
water-loving"; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water
Nucleotides
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a 5 carbon sugar (CHO), a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
unsaturated
A type of fatty acid with one or more double bonded carbons resulting in a bend in the tail. These are also considered "good" fats
Saturated fat
A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.; Fats in which adjacent carbons in the fatty acid component are linked by single bonds only
Carbon is a versatile element
Because carbon has 4 valence electrons which means it has four connecting points to other elements. It can form a million different compounds.
Starch
1. In plants. Made up entirely if glucose molecules, 2. forms granules that plants can use as "banks" and withdraw glucose from 3. starch is found in grain and potatoes, wheat, corn and rice
Glycogen
Animal storage of glucose, stored in granules in the liver and muscle cells
Cellulose
most abundant organic compound on Earth, found in cell walls of plants, polymer of glucose but in different arrangement than starch, indigestible by humans, but can be digested by micro-organisms and decomposing fungi
Chitin
Cell walls of fungi; used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeletons; used to make surgical thread that decomposes after a wound has healed
Unsaturated fatty acids
A fat that has fewer hydrogen atoms because double bonds exist among some of the carbon atoms. The "kink" that double bonds make in unsaturated fatty acids prevents them from packing together; wont clog arteries and turn solid. Fats that remain liquid at
Saturated fatty acids
Filled up with hydrogen atoms and no double bonds. Can clog arteries and becomes solid at room temperature. Hydrogen atoms pack together very tightly with carbon items, making more dense.
Hydrogenated fats
Fats that have turned from unsaturated to saturated by adding more hydrogen; cause transfat (cancer, donuts)
Structure of Amino Acid
They all have the same basic structure: Central Carbon Atom, N bonded to two H, C double bonded to O and also to an O and H off the central C is R group- the wild card
R Group of Amino Acids
Differs in each amino acid; consists of 1 or more carbons with various chemical groups attached; composition of R group determines function; can be both hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Peptide bond
bond between amino acids
depeptide
bond comprised of two amino acids
polypeptide
protein comprised of three or more amino acids
Enzymes
type of protein; biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Lysozyme
an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria; globular shape
Denaturation of a protein
change in salt concentration; ph, lack of heat, high heat. From there the polypeptide chain shape is altered, no longer function. Unravels.
Protein types
Structural- found in hair and muscles. Defensive- antibodies, Signal - hormones and other chemical messengers, Receptor Proteins-built into cell membranes and transmits signals to other cells; Transport- Move things; hemoglobin
Structures of proteins
primary. secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
Primary structure of a protein
The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids, determined by information encoded in DNA. Sickle Cell anemia is the result of one out of place amino acid; building block structure
Secondary structure of a protein
Coiling and folding of the polypeptide bond are maintained by the regularly spaced hydrogen bonds; particular shape
Tertiary structure of a protein
The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. Disulfide bonds may further strengthen the protein's shape.
Quaternary structure of a protein
proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain. Collagen
Collagen
an example of a protein with a Quaternary structure. Its triple helix structure gives great strength to connective tissue, bone and ligaments
Parkinsons and Alzheimers
Two Diseases that involve an accumulation of mis-folded proteins
Macromolecules
Four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
phospholipids
are structurally similar to fats; however fats contain 3 fatty acids and phospholipids contain only 2 fatty acids. They cluster into a bilayer. There is a head which is hydrophilic ( contact with the water of environment and cytoplasm of cell) and a tail
Glycogen
Carbohydrate; stored sugar
Steroids
carbon skeleton contains four fused rings
Cholestrol
Common component in animal cell membraes, including phospholipids; starting material for making steroids including sex hormones
Protein's shape is sensitive to environment, especially in Tertiary and Quaternary structures.
Because of their covalent and non-covalent bonds as well as enzymes.
Briefly explain why all starch molecules are pretty much the same but there are millions of kinds of proteins molecules.
Both are substances called polymers. A polymer is made of a long chain of smaller molecules linked together. Each link is called a monomer. There is only 1 monomer in starch, a carbohydrate called glucose. Proteins are assembled from any one of 20 differe
Unsaturated fatty acid vs Saturated fatty acid
Some fatty acids contain one or more double bonds. Because of the double bond, there is less hydrogen atoms across the chain. The "kink" the double bonds created in the unsaturated fatty acids prevent the hydrogen from packing together. The saturated fatt
An enzyme (a type of protein) called salivary amylase is manufactured in the cells of your salivary glands and secreted in saliva. Explain how these parts of the cell cooperate to produce and secrete salivary amylase: transport vesicle, rough ER, plasma m
I ate something. The nucleus gives instructions to the ribosomes which synthesize the proteins. The proteins then go into the RER and modify them. RER then pinches off proteins into transport vesicles from RER to Golgi. The vesicle then fuses with the Glo
Name the structures present in plant cells but are lacking in animal cells, and describe their functions.
Structures present in plant cells: cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts. Stuctures in animal cells: centrioles, which are key play in mitosis
centrioles (animal only)
Aid in cellular division
Surface area vs volume
Volume is cytoplasm and surface area is plasma membrane. If the volume of cell increases faster than the plasma membrane, the cell will be bigger and less efficient.
RER
Proteins that are made on the RER will be inserted into growing ER, transported to other organelles.