two major clades of uniknots
amoebozoans and opisthokonts (where fungi and animals are located)
The three major groups of the? rhizarians include
- Foraminiferans
- Radiolarians
- Cercozoans (clear outgroup)
Golden Algae
- Maybe freshwater or marine
- All are photosynthetic (autotrophic), but some species are mixotrophs
- They are able to pull water to them.
- Flagellated usually with 2 flagella
- The flagella create currents. It moves water past them.
- Usually unicellul
brown algae
- Marine
- Photosynthetic
- Deep water to tidal
(Where light penetration is. Just depends where they are)
- "Brown" color caused by accessory pigments
- Cell wall has added polysaccharides in addition to cellulose
- Cells can form large aggregated multice
Alveolates
- most live as single cells
- mixed nutritional methods including parasitic forms
- varied forms of motility
- alveoli
- most of these have these alveoli's and their surface and the only reason for them is to make the surface stronger.
Alveoli
a chamber at the ends of the lungs
three major groups of alveolates are?
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
-Both marine and freshwater species
- 2 flagella, one at the end and one in an equatorial groove
- Some are photosynthetic, many are mixotrophic and many are heterotrophic
- May have a cellulose cell wall
- The energy gained far excessed energy cost.
what is something that dinoflagellates causes?
- Members of this group are responsible for red tides which result in massive fish kills including along the Gulf coast.
problems that red tides cause
-The gills of the fish stop working
- This can have an impact on us; people walking along the beach have actually had raspatory problems.
Apicomplexans (a.k.a - Sporozoans)
most parasitic move via undulation of cell membrane, and mobile sporozoite
- they do ingestion
what are some organisms of apicomplxans
- Plasmodium: that causes malaria
- Toxoplasma: that vectors through cats. (when cats do their business and humans come in contact with and not taking proper hygiene. The people who are most in harm are unborn children)
Ciliates
- Most species are solitary freshwater
- Heterotrophic (ingestion)
- Use cilia for movement and feeding
- They are named for there moment of propulsion
- They sweep and use propulsion and then shrink and do it again kind of like a row.
- If something land
Cilia
- are short hair-like filaments that are made of protein.
- These cilia may be a uniform covering of the organism or can be localized in patches.
- The ciliates are the most complex of the protists with an internal structure that includes: an oral groove,
two different cilia nuclei different functions:
- The macronucleus handles all day-to-day business and the micronucleus functions in sexual reproduction or conjugation
- Mitoses: making genetic duplicities
- Meiosis: chromosomes reduction, single set instead of double set
- You go from 1 -->2-->4-->8 m
Rhizarians
- most live as single cells
- most are heterotrophic but some mixotrophic - species are present
- motility can be based on very thin pseudopodia
- extension of the plasmid membrane that the cell creates. Reaches out and gives the cell more surface area.
pseudopodia
A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
Foraminiferans or forams
- both marine and freshwater species
- external multi-chambered shell known as tests composed of CaCO3
- many species characterized based on shell morphology.
- pseudopodia extend through pores in the shell******
Radiolarians
- mainly marine many of them are oceanic though
- internal skeleton-like shell composed of silica (glass)
- many species characterized based on shell morphology
- they have a spikey looking structure
silica
a material found in magma that forms from the elements oxygen and silicon
- normal white beach sand
Cercozoans (the odd ball)
- very common in marine, freshwater and even moist terrestrial ecosystems
- they are moist terrestrial! They can live on land if it is moist enough ex. Marsh
- most are heterotrophic but also some mixotrophic species
- it has a chromatophore it's not a ch
Chromatophores
pigment cells a chloroplast wanna be
why can cerozoans be mixotrophic?
they are mixotrophic because they have engulfed a photosynthesis prokaryote
Archaeplastids
- We know the most certainty about the evolutionary origin
- are the closest relatives of land plants
- often included as part of the land plant supergroup clade
- appears to be among the oldest eukaryotic lineages
what are two groups of archaeplastids
red algae
green algae
why does red algae live deeper
They can live deeper because they have extra pigments
what is the red color caused by in red algae
phycoerythrin
Used in cosmetics, ice cream, paint, and sushi
� The polysaccharides add a physical characteristic to keep things smooth like ice cream.
red algae
red algae
- Mainly marine but some freshwater species
- Cells can form large aggregated colonies which appear multicellular
- Mainly shallow water but can occur in clear deep water
- That allows them to be pretty important in the food change and they can grow well
what are the two groups that green algae include?
Chlorophytes and Charophytes
which one Chlorophytes or charophytes is closer to land plants?
the chlorophytes are the ones that are closer to land plants
Green Algae
- much closer to land plants
- Some marine and many freshwater species
- Unicellular and colony forms
- Some species are flagellated
- Typical chloroplasts
- The biochemistry is very much inlined
- Charophytes are most probably an ancestor of land plants
Unikonts
- a very diverse supergroup that includes protists, fungi, and animals
Amoebozoans
- large diverse clade
- organisms with lobe-shaped pseudopodia
- used to engulf food. Which means the food brought in is much larger.
- have many different forms some living as multicellular colonies
- heterotrophic
- move using pseudopodia
what are four major groups of amoebozoans:
- acellular slime molds
- Cellular slime
- Tubulinids
- Entamoebas
Opishokonta
animals and fungi
also known as plasmodial slime mold (the name comes from a large single cell)
acellular slime mold
is the mobile feeding stage of this organism life cycle
plasmodial
in acellular slime mold the mobile stage the cells go through mitosis but not _______
cytokinesis
they have a two-part life cycle in which the cells of many "individuals" form
cellular slime mold
Entamoebas
- parasitic for vertebrates and invertebrates
- Where they live about. Eating the bacteria that are present in the intestines.
- one species causes amoebic dysentery
(Prolong amounts of nausea and diarrhea)
- Not free living they are a parasite
- People b
Tubulinids
- there is lots of diversity throughout them
- free-living and solitary
- found in aquatic (marine and freshwater) and terrestrial ecosystems
- we see them in more of the freshwater environment
- move and engulf food-using pseudopodia
- they are ingesting
cellular slime molds
- an interactive aggregate which is almost multicellular.
- It moves as a collective. It has to have a cell to cell communication.
- Individual solitary cells characterize the mobile feeding stage.
- Amoeboid movement using pseudopodia
- During times of e
fruting bodies
fungi produce spores in reproductive structures
acellular slime mold
slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells with many nuclei