anatomy

study of structures of organs and organ systems

physiology

study of the functions of these organs and organ systems

levels of organization and ex.

atom-hydrogen
molecule- water
macromolecule-carbohydrate
cells-plant
tissue-nervous
organ-heart
organ system-digestive
organism-dog
population- squirrels
community- all living organisms in the ocean
ecosystem- all living and non-living things in the ocean
biosphere-Earth

tissue

group of cells that perform similar functions together

what is between the cells? what is it made up of?

there can be an extracellular matrix which is made up of protein fibers in a carbohydrate base with water, minerals, and monomers in it

types of tissues:

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

epithelial tissue

-cells are tightly packed together
-no extracellular matrix(tissue doesnt have direct access to blood vessels)
-basal membrane-has blood vessels and nerves for the cells

types of epithelial cells

-based on # of layers
-based on the cell shape

based on the # of layers

-simple-only one layer of cells
-stratified- multiple layers

based on the cell shape

squamos-flat cells
cuboidal- cube-shaped cells
columnar-prism-shaped cells

function of epithelial cells

protection
covering surfaces
transport
glands

subtypes of glands:

endocrine glands
exocrine glands

endocrine glands and ex.

don't have ducts, release secretions into the bloodstream;secretions are hormone
EX:
-adrenal gland-adrenaline
-pituitary gland-brain
-pineal gland-melatonin

exocrine glands and ex

have a duct, release their secretions into an organ or to the body surface
EX:
-salivary
-sweat
-mucuous

connective tissue

-cells are far away from each other
-lot of exracellular matrix between them

ECM

can be fluid(blood), jelly-like (adipose), hard (bone)

subtypes of connective tissue:

loose connectiv tissue
fibrous connective tissue

loose function

keeps organs in place, fills in space

fibrous function

forms tendons and ligaments

ligaments

bone-bone

tendons

muscle-bone

specialized connective tissue

adipose tissue
bone
blood
cartilage

functions of connective tissues

-fills in space
-insulates the body
-provides mechanical protection
-support
-blood is used to nourish cells, carry waste away, immune system, protection.....

adipose

-cells are enlarged and filled with fat
-used for energy storage, protection, insulation, dissolves (non-polar) vitamin

bone tissue

eye-shaped cells with interconnected cilia arranged in concentric circles

blood tissue

3 different type cells:
leukocytes
erythrocytes
thrombocytes

leukocytes

white blood cells
immunity

erythrocytes

red blood cells
carry O2, CO2

thrombocytes

platelets- tiny fractions of cells
involved in blood clotting
cause heart attacks and strokes=stick togther

ECM of blood

plasma=fluid
-mostly water but has important proteins, minerals, monomers in it

muscular tissue

cells are grown together and from muscle fibers
cells are filled with bundles of mircofilaments

microfilaments

form from 2 proteins, actin and myosin

types of muscle cells

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscles

skeletal muscle

long bundles of cells with cross bands
-controlled consciously
-contract quickly but get tired quickly

smooth muscle and ex:

long fibers with no cross bands
-unconsciously controlled
-slow to contract but dont tire easily
digestive track, blood vessels

cardiac muscle

y-shaped cells
found in the heart
contracts, relaxes all the time without rest

nervous tissue components

neurons, glial cells, ECM

neurons

dendrites

recieve messages from other cells

axon hillock

collects info from the dendrites and nerve cell body and generates one impulse that runs down the axon

axon terminals

connect to other nerve cells and pass on information

myeline sheath

impulses jump from one node to the next while the myeline sheath insulates the axon from impulses

glial cells

keep neurons healthy by forming myeline sheath
feed neurons
get rid of bacteria, viruses, cellular debris and waste