Photosynthesis
Generates oxygen and organic molecules used for cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration
Breaks down fuel from photosynthesis, generating ATP and waste materials used for photosynthesis.
Sun
Energy ultimately comes from the ___.
Exergonic
Compounds that can participate in ____ reactions can act as fuel.
Fermentation
Partial degradation of sugars without oxygen. Glycolysis reactions and reactions that regenerate NAD? in the matrix.
Cellular Respiration
More prevalent and efficient, an exergonic reaction that consumes organic fuels (glucose) with oxygen.
O?, Energy
C?H??O? + __ ? 6CO? + 6H?O + ______
Cellular Respiration
ADP and Phosphate
Cells regenerate ATP from ___ and ______.
Catabolic
_______ pathways yield energy because of the transfer of electrons.
Oxidation
Substance loses electrons.
Reduction
Substance gains electrons.
Degree
Some reactions change the _____ of electron sharing. Electrons shift towards more electronegative atoms.
Oxidized, Reduced
In cellular respiration, glucose is ____ and oxygen is ______.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of steps. The energy from the electron transfer goes to make ATP. O? is the final electron acceptor. Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electronegativity builds until it gets to oxygen. Does not directly make ATP.
NAD?
An electron acceptor or oxidizing agent.
Dehydrogenase
Enzyme that removes hydrogen atoms. Delivers 2 electrons and 1 proton to NAD? and releases 1 proton as H?.
NADH
Electron carrier. The reduced form of NAD?.
Glucose, Electron Transport Chain
______?NADH?____ ___ ____ ? O?
Glycolysis
In the cytosol. Begins the degradation process by breaking down glucose to CO?. "Sugar splitting".
Citric Acid Cycle
In the matrix. Breakdown of glucose to O?. Oxygen must be present for this to happen. Specific enzymes catalyze each step.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
In the inner membrane. Makes most of the ATP.
Substrate Level Phosphorlyation
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Substrate gives ADP a phosphate group, creating ATP.
Two
During glycolysis, glucose? ___ pyruvates.
Energy Investment Phase
Spends ATP.
Energy Payoff Phase
Produces ATP.
#NAME?
Enzyme that has to do with the transfer of phosphate.
Isomerase
Enzyme that converts something into an isomer.
Phosphofructokinase
Key regulation point in the energy investment phase of glycolysis.
Glycolysis (2)
No glucose lost, occurs with or without oxygen.
Active, pyruvate
______ transport of 2 ____ to the mitochondrion, where they are converted to acetyl coenzyme A.
Citric Acid Cycle (2)
Produces (Total): 4 CO?, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP.
Multiprotein Complexes
Part of the electron transport chain, Chains of protein. I-IV.
Prosthetic Groups
Part of the electron transport chain.Nonproteins. Bond to proteins.
FADH?
Electron carrier that adds electrons at a lower energy level than NADH in the electron transport chain.
ATP Synthase
Enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of ATP in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
Chemiosmosis
An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP.
NADH, Proton-Motive Force
Glucose?____?electron transport chain? _____ ______ ____?ATP
Proton-Motive Force
In the electron transport chain, what force propels protons through ATP synthase to manufacture ATP?
Aerobic
Requires oxygen. Cellular respiration.
Anaerobic
Does not require oxygen. Fermentation.
NAD? (2)
Fermentation regenerates ____.
Alcohol Fermentation
Brewing, winemaking, and baking. Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Cheese and yogurt, muscle cells during exercise.
Acetaldehyde, Pyruvate, Oxygen
What are the final electron acceptors in alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, and respiration?
Respiration
_____ produces more ATP than fermentation.
Connect, Metabolic
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ____ to many other _____ pathways.
Anabolic Pathways
Have feedback inhibition through allosteric enzymes. The end product of the reaction allosterically binds to the enzyme, inhibiting it.
Catabolic Pathways
Regulate ATP production, makes/has inhibitors and activators (phosphofructokinase).
Phosphofructokinase (2)
Allosteric enzyme, can be inhibited by ATP or activated by AMP. More ATP?inhibits enzyme and shuts down glycolysis.
Citrate
Lots of ____ means lots of ATP, which can inhibit phosphofructokinase. It synchronizes the citric acid cycle and glycolysis.
Released
The energy that keeps us alive is _____, not produced by cellular respiration.