Campbell Biology Chapter 9

Photosynthesis

Generates oxygen and organic molecules used for cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration

Breaks down fuel from photosynthesis, generating ATP and waste materials used for photosynthesis.

Sun

Energy ultimately comes from the ___.

Exergonic

Compounds that can participate in ____ reactions can act as fuel.

Fermentation

Partial degradation of sugars without oxygen. Glycolysis reactions and reactions that regenerate NAD? in the matrix.

Cellular Respiration

More prevalent and efficient, an exergonic reaction that consumes organic fuels (glucose) with oxygen.

O?, Energy

C?H??O? + __ ? 6CO? + 6H?O + ______
Cellular Respiration

ADP and Phosphate

Cells regenerate ATP from ___ and ______.

Catabolic

_______ pathways yield energy because of the transfer of electrons.

Oxidation

Substance loses electrons.

Reduction

Substance gains electrons.

Degree

Some reactions change the _____ of electron sharing. Electrons shift towards more electronegative atoms.

Oxidized, Reduced

In cellular respiration, glucose is ____ and oxygen is ______.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of steps. The energy from the electron transfer goes to make ATP. O? is the final electron acceptor. Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Electronegativity builds until it gets to oxygen. Does not directly make ATP.

NAD?

An electron acceptor or oxidizing agent.

Dehydrogenase

Enzyme that removes hydrogen atoms. Delivers 2 electrons and 1 proton to NAD? and releases 1 proton as H?.

NADH

Electron carrier. The reduced form of NAD?.

Glucose, Electron Transport Chain

______?NADH?____ ___ ____ ? O?

Glycolysis

In the cytosol. Begins the degradation process by breaking down glucose to CO?. "Sugar splitting".

Citric Acid Cycle

In the matrix. Breakdown of glucose to O?. Oxygen must be present for this to happen. Specific enzymes catalyze each step.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

In the inner membrane. Makes most of the ATP.

Substrate Level Phosphorlyation

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Substrate gives ADP a phosphate group, creating ATP.

Two

During glycolysis, glucose? ___ pyruvates.

Energy Investment Phase

Spends ATP.

Energy Payoff Phase

Produces ATP.

#NAME?

Enzyme that has to do with the transfer of phosphate.

Isomerase

Enzyme that converts something into an isomer.

Phosphofructokinase

Key regulation point in the energy investment phase of glycolysis.

Glycolysis (2)

No glucose lost, occurs with or without oxygen.

Active, pyruvate

______ transport of 2 ____ to the mitochondrion, where they are converted to acetyl coenzyme A.

Citric Acid Cycle (2)

Produces (Total): 4 CO?, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP.

Multiprotein Complexes

Part of the electron transport chain, Chains of protein. I-IV.

Prosthetic Groups

Part of the electron transport chain.Nonproteins. Bond to proteins.

FADH?

Electron carrier that adds electrons at a lower energy level than NADH in the electron transport chain.

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of ATP in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Chemiosmosis

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP.

NADH, Proton-Motive Force

Glucose?____?electron transport chain? _____ ______ ____?ATP

Proton-Motive Force

In the electron transport chain, what force propels protons through ATP synthase to manufacture ATP?

Aerobic

Requires oxygen. Cellular respiration.

Anaerobic

Does not require oxygen. Fermentation.

NAD? (2)

Fermentation regenerates ____.

Alcohol Fermentation

Brewing, winemaking, and baking. Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Cheese and yogurt, muscle cells during exercise.

Acetaldehyde, Pyruvate, Oxygen

What are the final electron acceptors in alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, and respiration?

Respiration

_____ produces more ATP than fermentation.

Connect, Metabolic

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle ____ to many other _____ pathways.

Anabolic Pathways

Have feedback inhibition through allosteric enzymes. The end product of the reaction allosterically binds to the enzyme, inhibiting it.

Catabolic Pathways

Regulate ATP production, makes/has inhibitors and activators (phosphofructokinase).

Phosphofructokinase (2)

Allosteric enzyme, can be inhibited by ATP or activated by AMP. More ATP?inhibits enzyme and shuts down glycolysis.

Citrate

Lots of ____ means lots of ATP, which can inhibit phosphofructokinase. It synchronizes the citric acid cycle and glycolysis.

Released

The energy that keeps us alive is _____, not produced by cellular respiration.