Atom
smallest basic unit of matter
Compound
substance made of atoms of different elements that are bonded together in a particular ratio.
Covalent Bond
chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of elections.
Electron
its negative charge in the atom
Element
substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
Ion
atom that has gained or lost electrons
Ionic Bond
chemical bond formed between oppositely charged ions.
Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Neutron
no charge in the atom its found in the nucleus in the atom
Nucleus
center of atom
Proton
positive charge in the atom found in the nucleus in the atom
Acid
compound that donates a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution.
Adhesion
attraction between molecules of difference substances
Base
compound that accepts a proton (H+) when dissolved in solution.
Cohesion
attraction between molecules of the same substances.
Hydrogen Bond
attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
pH
measurement of acidity; related to free hydrogen material of organisms.
Solute
substance that dissolves in a solvent and is present at lower concentration
Solution
mixture that is consistent throughout; also called homogenous mixture.
Solvent
substance in which dissolve and that is present in greatest concentration in a solution.
Amino Acid
molecule that makes up proteins of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Carbohydrate
molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches.
Fatty Acid
hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid.
Lipid
nonpolar molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils.
Monomer
molecule that binds with others to make a polymer
Nucleic Acid
polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms.
Polymer
large, carbon-based molecule made of repeating monomers
Protein
polymer composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Activation Energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Bond Energy
amount of energy needed to break a bond between two particular atoms; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms between two particular atoms.
Chemical Reaction
process in which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds
Endothermic
chemical reaction that requires to be added
Equilibrium
when reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate
Exothermic
chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat
Product
substance formed by a chemical reaction.
Reactant
substance that dissolves in a solvent and is present at lower concentration than the solvent
Catalyst
substances that decreases activation energy and increase reaction rate in a chemical reaction
Enzyme
protein that catalyzes chemical reaction for organisms
Substrate
reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts.
Atomic Number
determined by number of protons, different for each element
Mass Number
determined by neutrons and protons combined, may differ in isotopes
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
this is the type of bond that holds the two oxygen atoms together in O2
Polar Covalent Bond
this is the type of bond that holds one of the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom in H2O