Name the two types of cartilage cells
Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes
What type of bones does cartilage line?
Articulating Bone
Why does cartilage usually not heal well?
Cartilage does not get good blood supply and is not metabolically active
What are Chondroblasts?
Precursor cartilage cells that differentiate into chondrocytes
What are chondrocytes?
Mature cartilage cells that lie in little artificial lacunae
Name the 3 components of Cartilage
Cartilage cells, extracellular matrix, and perichondrium
What are the two components of the extracellular matrix?
Fibers and GAG's/Proteoglycans
What is the name of the dense connective tissue that is composed of fibroblasts and type I collagen fibers?
Perichondrium
What surfaces does the Perichondrium cover?
The surfaces of elastic cartilage and all non-articular hyaline cartilage
What main example of hyaline cartilage is the perichondrium not present?
The Epiphyseal plate
Name the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What type of collagen is in hyaline cartilage?
Type II
What type of collagen is in elastic cartilage?
Type II w/ elastic fibers
What type of collagen is in fibrocartilage?
Type I (with a little type II)
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
Supporting respiratory airways, lining bone surfaces in articulating joints, and in the epiphyseal plate.
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
epiglottis and external ear
Where can fibrocartilage be found?
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, attachments of tendons and ligaments
What are the two methods of cartilage formation?
Interstitial growth and Appositional growth
What is the type of growth from within cartilage where chondrocytes divide and secrete matrix?
Interstitial growth
What is the type of growth from along the outside of cartilage where chondroblasts secrete matrix and differentiate into chondrocytes?
Appositional growth
What are two functions of bone?
Support/protection of soft tissues and attachment of muscles for movement
What is the name of the substance within bones where blood cells are produced?
Hematopoietic bone marrow
Broadly, what is bone made of?
Cells and extracellular matrix
What is it called when two or more cartilaginous cells are sitting together?
An Isogenous group
Name the 3 types of cells in bones
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
What do osteoblasts produce?
bone matrix
What is the organic part of the bone matrix produced by osteoblasts called?
Osteoid
What do Osteoblasts turn into when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix?
Osteocytes
Where are osteoblasts found?
Along the edges of bone
Where are osteocytes located?
within lacunae surrounded by matrix
What do osteocytes do?
maintain the bone matrix
Where are osteoclasts located?
in little bone surface indentations called Howship's lacunae
What do osteoclasts do?
Chew up and resorb bone
What two hormones control how/when bone is resorbed?
Parathyroid hormone (stimulates bone resorption) and calcitonin (inhibits bone resorption)
What is the extracellular matrix of bone made out of
Organic: Type 1 collagen and ground substance
Inorganic: minerals (calcium & phosphate)
Name the four types of bones
Compact bone, spongy bone, primary bone, and secondary bone
What type of bone is Located on the outer surfaces of bones, and is a dense, solid structure
Compact bone
What type of bone is Located on the inside of bones in an open, loose structure
Spongy bone
What type of bone is the first bone tissue formed during growth or repair?
Primary bone
What type of bone contains an irregular arrangement of collagen fibers?
Primary bone
What type of bone contains osteons with parallel arrangement of collagen fibers?
Secondary bone
What is the name of the membrane that lines the outer surface of compact bone?
Periosteum
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
outer dense connective tissue layer and inner osteogenic layer
What is the name of the fibers that tightly attach the periosteum to the bone matrix?
Sharpey's fibers
What is the name of the membrane that lines the inner surface of compact bone?
Endosteum
What other two surfaces does endosteum line?
Traberculae of spongy bone, and the Haversian canals
How is bone formed in flat bones?
Intramembranous ossification
How is bone formed in long bones?
Endochondrial ossification
What is the end of a long bone called?
epiphysis
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
diaphysis
list the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate
Zone of resting cartilage
Zone of proliferating cartilage
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Zone of calcified cartilage
Zone of ossification