Information Security Chapter 2

Compared to Web site defacement, vandalism within a network is less malicious in intent and more public.

False

A mail bomb is a form of DoS.

True

Intellectual property is defined as "the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas.

True

Information security's primary mission is to ensure that systems and their contents retain their confidentiality at all costs.

False

Once a(n) back door has infected a computer, it can redistribute itself to all e-mail addresses found on the infected system.

False

Cyberterrorists hack systems to conduct terrorist activities via network or Internet pathways.

True

A firewall is a mechanism that keeps certain kinds of network traffic out of a private network.

True

Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where they're sometimes called packet sniffers.

True

A(n) polymorphic threat is one that over time changes the way it appears to antivirus software programs, making it undetectable by techniques that look for preconfigured signatures.

True

Hackers are "people who use and create computer software to gain access to information illegally.

True

DoS attacks cannot be launched against routers.

False

The term phreaker is now commonly associated with an individual who cracks or removes software protection that is designed to prevent unauthorized duplication.

False

Two watchdog organizations that investigate allegations of software abuse: SIIA and NSA.

False

A worm can deposit copies of itself onto all Web servers that the infected system can reach, so that users who subsequently visit those sites become infected.

True

Organizations can use dictionaries to disallow passwords during the reset process and thus guard against easy-to-guess passwords.

True

Packet kiddies use automated exploits to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks.

False

With electronic information is stolen, the crime is readily apparent.

False

When voltage levels surge (experience a momentary increase), the extra voltage can severely damage or destroy equipment.

False

The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password is called a brute crack attack.

False

An act of theft performed by a hacker falls into the category of "theft," but is also often accompanied by defacement actions to delay discovery and thus may also be placed within the category of "forces of nature.

False

A worm requires that another program is running before it can begin functioning.

False

With the removal of copyright protection, software can be easily distributed and installed.

True

Information security safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization.

True

Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God can present some of the most dangerous threats, because they are usually occur with very little warning and are beyond the control of people.

True

A sniffer program shows all the data going by on a network segment including passwords, the data inside files�such as word-processing documents�and screens full of sensitive data from applications.

True

A number of technical mechanisms�digital watermarks and embedded code, copyright codes, and even the intentional placement of bad sectors on software media�have been used to enforce copyright laws.

True

The malicious code attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information.

True

One form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS is called a mail spoof, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target.

False

The macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a computer's boot sector.

False

Expert hackers are extremely talented individuals who usually devote lots of time and energy to attempting to break into other people's information systems.

True

A timing attack involves the interception of cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms.

True

The shoulder looking technique is used in public or semipublic settings when individuals gather information they are not authorized to have by looking over another individual's shoulder or viewing the information from a distance.

False

Attacks conducted by scripts are usually unpredictable.

False

Much human error or failure can be prevented with training and ongoing awareness activities.

True

A(n) cookie can allow an attacker to collect information on how to access password-protected sites.

True

In a ____ attack, the attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target.

Denial-Of-Service

In the context of information security, ____________________ is the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the attacker.

Social Engineering

____ is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge.

Spyware

Attempting to reverse-calculate a password is called ____________________.

Cracking

The ____ data file contains the hashed representation of the user's password.

SAM

____ are software programs that hide their true nature, and reveal their designed behavior only when activated.

Trojan Horses

A(n) ____________________ is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program environment.

Worm

A ____ is an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time.

Distribution Denial-Of-Service

4-1-9" fraud is an example of a ____ attack.

Social Engineering

A momentary low voltage is called a(n) ____________________.

Sag

When information gatherers employ techniques that cross the threshold of what is legal or ethical, they are conducting industrial ____________________.

Espionage

Duplication of software-based intellectual property is more commonly known as software ____________________.

Piracy

Acts of ____ can lead to unauthorized real or virtual actions that enable information gatherers to enter premises or systems they have not been authorized to enter.

Trespass

____ are machines that are directed remotely (usually by a transmitted command) by the attacker to participate in an attack.

Zombies

Script ____________________ are hackers of limited skill who use expertly written software to attack a system.

kiddies

Which of the following is an example of a Trojan horse program?

Happy99.exe

A(n) ____________________ is an object, person, or other entity that represents an ongoing danger to an asset.

Threat

In the well-known ____ attack, an attacker monitors (or sniffs) packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network.

Man-In-The-Middle

____________________ is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, wherein the intruder sends messages with a source IP address that has been forged to indicate that the messages are coming from a trusted host.

Spoofing

____________________ is unsolicited commercial e-mail.

Spam

____ is an integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, and legal agreements that can be used to support the entire information infrastructure of an organization.

PKI

A(n) ____________________ is an identified weakness in a controlled system, where controls are not present or are no longer effective.

Vulnerability

The ____ hijacking attack uses IP spoofing to enable an attacker to impersonate another entity on the network.

TCP

A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform ____________________ actions.

Malicious

A(n) ____________________ is an application error that occurs when more data is sent to a program buffer than it is designed to handle.

Buffer Overrun or Buffer Overflow

According to Mark Pollitt, ____ is the premeditated, politically motivated attacks against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.

Cyberterrorism

There are generally two skill levels among hackers: expert and ____.

Novice

Which of the following functions does information security perform for an organization?

Protecting the organization's ability to function, Enabling the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization's IT systems, and Protecting the data the organization collects and uses.

A virus or worm can have a payload that installs a(n) ____________________ door or trap door component in a system, which allows the attacker to access the system at will with special privileges.

Back

As frustrating as viruses and worms are, perhaps more time and money is spent on resolving virus ____.

Hoaxes

A(n) ____________________ is an act that takes advantage of a vulnerability to compromise a controlled system.

Attack

ESD means electrostatic ____________________.

Discharge

Some information gathering techniques are quite legal, for example, using a Web browser to perform market research. These legal techniques are called, collectively, competitive ____________________.

Intelligence

A(n) ____________________ hacks the public telephone network to make free calls or disrupt services.

Phreaker

Web hosting services are usually arranged with an agreement providing minimum service levels known as a(n) ____.

SLA

The timing attack explores the contents of a Web browser's ____________________.

Cache

Microsoft acknowledged that if you type a res:// URL (a Microsoft-devised type of URL) which is longer than ____ characters in Internet Explorer 4.0, the browser will crash.

256

One form of online vandalism is ____ operations, which interfere with or disrupt systems to protest the operations, policies, or actions of an organization or government agency.

Hacktivist

Complete loss of power for a moment is known as a ____.

Fault

The expert hacker sometimes is called ____________________ hacker.

Elite