In 1956, __________published the results of his
research concerning the physiological response of
a biological system to a change imposed on it.
Hans Selye
Selye definition of stress
the state manifested by a specific syndrome which consists of all the nonspecifically-induced changes within a biologic system
Fight or Flight Syndrome
A group of changes that occur in the body to help a person fight or take flight in stressful or dangerous situations. This is the body's way of helping to protect itself from possible harm.
Selye called the general reaction of the body to stress (Fight or Flight) the general adaptation syndrome. He described the reaction in three distinct stages. They are:
1. Alarm reaction stage: During this stage, the
responses of the fight-or-flight syndrome are
initiated.
2. Stage of resistance: The individual uses the
physiological responses of the first stage as
a defense in the attempt to adapt to the stressor.
If ad
The immediate response (of Fight or Flight): The hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, which results in the following physical effects:
? The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine
and epinephrine into the bloodstream.
? The pupils of the eye dilate.
? Secretion from the lacrimal (tear) glands is
increased.
? In the lungs, the bronchioles dilate and the
respiration rate is increased.
? T
The sustained response (of Fight or Flight): When the stress
response is not relieved immediately and the individual remains under stress for a long period of time, the hypothalamus stimulates
the pituitary gland to release hormones that produce the follo
? Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates
the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
and mineralocorticoids, resulting in
increased gluconeogenesis and retention of
sodium and water and decreased immune
and inflammatory responses.
? Vasopressin (
True or False:
With fight-or-flight syndrome, the psychological or emotional stressors are often not resolved as rapidly as some physical stressors; therefore the body may be depleted of its adaptive energy more readily than it is from physical stressors.
True
________________ is a diffuse apprehension that is vague in nature and is associated with feelings of uncertainty and helplessness.
Anxiety
____________ is determined by the degree to which the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors interfere with an individual's functioning.
Adaptation
True or False:
During panic anxiety, the individual may experience hallucinations or delusions.
True
A variety of behavioral adaptation responses
occur at each level of anxiety. Figure 1-2 depicts
these behavioral responses on a continuum of anxiety
ranging from mild to panic.
A variety of behavioral adaptation responses
occur at each level of anxiety. Figure 1-2 depicts
these behavioral responses on a continuum of anxiety
ranging from mild to panic.
Sigmund Freud (1961) identified the ________ as the reality component of the personality that governs problem-solving and rational thinking.
A.) Id
B.) Ego
C.) Superego
D.) Subconscious
B.) Ego
ego defense mechanisms
Defense mechanisms employed by the ego in the
face of threat to biological or psychological integrity
(Table 1-1). Some of these ego defense mechanisms
are more adaptive than others, but all are used either consciously or unconsciously as protective devic
Disorders in which the characteristic features are physical symptoms for which there is no demonstrable organic pathology are referred to as _____________ .
Somatic symptom disorders
-Psychological factors are judged to play a significant role in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of the symptoms (e.g., somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, and factitious diso
Disorders in which the characteristic feature is a disruption in the
usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment are referred to as _____________ disorders.
Dissociative disorders
(e.g., dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization-derealization disorder).
____________________ is defined as "a severe mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing, typically manifested by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, or disorganized or catatonic behavior
Psychosis
-The following are common characteristics of people with psychoses:
? They exhibit minimal distress (emotional tone
is flat, bland, or inappropriate).
? They are unaware that their behavior is
maladaptive.
? They are unaware of any psychological
____________ is a subjective state of emotional, physical, and social responses to the loss of a valued entity.
Grief
Examples of psychotic responses to anxiety
include
The schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and delusional disorders.
K�bler-Ross (1969), in extensive research with terminally
ill patients, identified five stages of feelings and
behaviors that individuals experience in response to
a real, perceived, or anticipated loss. They are:
? Stage 1�Denial: This is a stage of shock and
disbelief. The response may be one of "No, it
can't be true!" The reality of the loss is not
acknowledged. Denial is a protective mechanism
that allows the individual to cope within
an immediate time frame wh
Define anticipatory grief
When a loss is anticipated, individuals often begin
the work of grieving before the actual loss occurs.
This is called anticipatory grief.
Maladaptive responses to loss occur when an individual
is not able to progress satisfactorily through
the stages of grieving to achieve resolution. Usually
in such situations, an individual becomes fixed in
the __________ or ___________ stage of the grief
denial or anger
The successful adaptation to stressors
from the internal or external environment,
evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
that are age-appropriate and congruent with
local and cultural norms" is termed __________________
Mental health
maladaptive
responses to stressors from the internal or
external environment, evidenced by thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent
with the local and cultural norms, and interfere
with the individual's social, occupational,
and/or physical
Mental illness
-When observers are unable to find meaning or
comprehensibility in behavior, they are likely
to label that behavior as mental illness. The
meaning of behaviors is determined within
individual cultures.
__________ and ___________ have been identified as the two major, primary responses to stress.
Anxiety and grief
Peplau (1963) defined anxiety by levels of symptom severity. They are:
Mild, moderate, severe, and panic.