Cells are
The basic structural and functional units of living organism
Nucleoids are found in
Prokaryotes
Nucleoids differ from the nucleus in two ways
Shape and Nucleoids have no membrane
Organelles found only in animal cells
lysosomes and centrioles
Lysosome
Only acidic organelle, function is waste disposal and recycling
Organelle only found in plant cells
Chloroplast and cell wall
Prokaryote size
1 micrometer
Eukaryote size
10 micrometers
Prokaryotes
- unicellular, few organelles, has 30s+50s Ribosomes
Eukaryotes
unicellular or multicellular organisms, Numerous organelles, has 40s+60s Ribosomes
Eukaryotes are
10-100X larger than prokaryotic cells
Cell wall function
-Cell maintenance, protects from injury, extra protection, made of peptidoglycan in bacteria and is covered in lipid bilayer in plant cells, cellulose, and protein
plasma membrane
Cell maintenance, in all cells, made of lipid bilayers,
Provides cell boundary, Maintains pH and composition of cytosol, Helps delivery of larger molecules, provides surface for membrane-bound enzymes
Cytoplasm
In all cell types, Cell maintenance, anything inside contains 70% H2O, 20% proteins, 10% carbs and lipids,
Maintains a pH near 7.4, main vessel for many reactions
Name the four classes of small biomolecules
amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides (sugars), fatty acids
In what larger biomolecules the four classes of biomolecules found?
Monomers: Polymers:
Amino Acids--- Proteins
Nucleotides---Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides(sugars)---Polysaccharides
Fatty acids---Lipids
5 major ions in biomolecules
Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-
List four basic principles that are central to our current understanding of living organisms.
-Living organisms are cellular
-Living organisms are information based
-Organisms adapt and evolve
-Living organisms are complex yet simple in constituents
Lysosome
Cellular components removal and recycling
Mitochondria
ATP production
RER
Glycoprotein/secretory protein synthesis
SER
Lipid Synthesis
Peroxisome
Removal of ROS
Ribosomes
Cytosolic protein synthesis
Golgi
Processing of Carbohydrates, sorting proteins according to their destination
Purposes of chemical reactions occurring in cells
-Breakdown to produce chemical energy
-synthesis needed for maintenance, growth and development, and reproduction
-removal of wastes products (major wastes: CO2, NH3, H2O)
Auto energy
C8H18 + Excess O2----> 4CO2 + 9H2O + energy
Aerobic energy
C6H12O6 + Excess O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Hydrolysis- First most common reactions in cells
Polymer + H2O ----> Monomers
Dehydration- Second most common reaction in cells
Monomers ----> Polymer + H2O
List pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic relationship between
eukaryotic cells and mitochondria
Cell size: Mitochondria & Prokaryotic are 1-10 micromole
Cell division: ---------------------- Binary
Ribosomes ---------------- 50s + 30s
DNA shape------------- circular
Transcript----------- intronless
mRNA----------- Polycistronic (No poly A)
Hydration
adds H2O--- H2O is a reactant
Isomerization
intramolecular rearrangement
Redox
follow 2H; gain 2H is reduction, loose 2H is oxidation
Endosymbiosis
Two dissimilar organisms are living together in an intimate relationship, where each exploits the other for its own benefit
The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that
Large anaerobic eukaryotic cells (host) ingested small aerobic prokaryotes (bacteria) a long time ago. In exchange for protection and constant energy supply, the bacteria provided its host with energy generated by a process known as aerobic respiration.
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Alkene
C=C
Alcohol
C-OH
Thiol
-SH
Amine
NH2
Aldehyde
H-C=O
carboxylic acid
COOH
Ketone
RCOR
Ether
Alcohol + Alcohol Carboxyl
C-O-C
Ester
acid + alcohol
-CO-O-
Amides
Acid + Amine
-CO-NH-
Phosphoesters
-C-O-P
Alcohol + Phosphate
Phospohoannhydrides
P-O-P
Phosphate + Phosphate
Addition (Hydration)
Water is reactant and added across C=C, one product
Elimination/Dehydration
Water is a product
oxidation-reduction reaction
adds or removes 2H
Cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cells-
Eukaryotes
Plant and animal cells- have nucleus
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea- contain Nucleoid
Replication
Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
Transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Splicing
Removal of nonessential segments from RNA copy
Essential DNA segment
Exon ()
Nonessential DNA segment
Intron -----