Genome
The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
Genetics
the study of heredity
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
Amino Acid
Building blocks of protein
Protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Centromere
Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
DNA replication
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
sister chromatids
Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.
homologous pair
a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have relatively similar structures and gene values
Cancer
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
Proto-oncogenes
the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell growth and division
Oncogenes
cancer causing genes
tumor suppressor genes
A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
Karyotype
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
Mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
Interphase
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
mitotic phase
stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Centrosome
A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.
spindle apparatus
structure made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers that is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides
Kinetochores
The structures on sister chromatids where microtubules attach
metaphase plate
Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.
mitotic spindle
a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Telophase
phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
cleavage furrow
The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell
Cell plate
A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Clone
An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced
sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
reasons cell divide.
To grow and develop, you must form new cells. Imagine how often your cells must divide during a growth spurt. ...
Cell division is also necessary to repair damaged cells. ...
Your cells can also simply wear out.
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division.
Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome, no nucleus, and few other cell structures. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have multiple chromosomes contained within a nucleus, and many other organelles.
Outline binary fission.
Binary fission, asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each n
Purpose of mitosis and how it is accomplished.
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). During mitosis one cell. Divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.
Describe the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome.
one very long linear DNA molecule associated with many proteins
Compare and contrast sister chromatid and homologous pairs.
Sister chromatids are 2 copies of a single chromosome and so are genetically identical
Homologous chromosomes are 2 physically different chromosomes that have the same genes but are not genetically identical
Describe the role of microtubules in mitosis.
Microtubules attach to the to a structure on the sister chromatids called the kinetochore. Throwing the chromosomes into an agitated motion moving them towards the center of the cell. Then during anaphase they will help with the migration of chromosomes t
Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
Cytokinesis occurs in mitosis and meiosis for both plant and animal cells. The ultimate objective is to divide the parent cell into daughter cells. In plants , this occurs when a cell wall forms in between the daughter cells. In animals , this occurs when
Describe how the cell controls division.
Tight regulation of this process ensures that a dividing cell's DNA is copied properly, any errors in the DNA are repaired, and each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes.
Identify the checkpoints and describe the role each checkpoint plays in control of the cell cycle.
The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G1 checkpoint. Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G2 checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint