What are unicellular orgnaisms?
Unicellular organism are made up of only one cell. They also dominate life on Earth.
What are multicellular organisms?
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells. There is a great variety.
What is cell specialization?
Cell specialization is when cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
Animal cells are specialized in the following ways:
-Red blood cells transport oxygen
-Cells in the pancreas produce proteins
-Muscle cells allow movement
Plant cells are specialized in the following ways:
-Plants exchange carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor, and other gases through tiny openings called stomata on the undersides of leaves.
What regulates the exchange when plants exchange gases through their stomata?
Highly specialized cells, known as guard cells, regulate this exchange.
What is stomata enclosed by?
Stomata is enclosed by guard cells.
What are the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms?
-Individual cells
-Tissues
-Organs
-Organ systems
What are tissues?
A tissue is a group of similar cells that preforms as particular function.
Similar cells are grouped into units called __________.
Similar cells are grouped into units called tissues.
What are the four main types of tissue in animals?
-Muscle
-Epithelial
-Nervous
-Connective
What is an organ?
In organ is a group of tissues that work together to preform certain functions.
What is an organ system?
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to preform specific functions.
Cell specialization is a characteristic of _________________.
Cell specialization is a characteristic of multicellular organisms.
Which of the following cells is specialized for contraction?
a.) Muscle cell
b.) Red blood cell
c.) Pancreatic cell
d.) Nerve cell
A muscle cell is specialized for contraction.
The stomach is an example of a(an) ___________.
The stomach is an example of a organ.
What are the levels of organization in an organism from the simplest to the most complex?
Cell, tissue, organ, and organ system are the levels of organization in an organism form the simplest to the most complex.
Which of the following would probably contain the greatest variety of specialized cells?
a.) A tissue
b.) An organ system
c.) An organ
D.) A multicellular organism
A multicellular would probably contain the greatest variety of specialized cells.
How many regions does the Phospholipid bilayer have? What are they?
The phospholipid bilayer has two regions.
1. Hydrophobic tail (water fearing)
2. Hydrophilic head (water loving)
What do proteins in the membrane help do?
Proteins in the membrane help transport things across the membrane.
What is a "fluid mosaic model?
A "fluid mosaic model" is pieces of membrane can be ripped of without creating a hole or merge with other membranes.
What are the three jobs of the membrane?
1. Transport: Moves things across it
2. Immune system: Recognizes self from foregin
3. Cell junctions: Connects cells together
What are the three types of transport?
1. Passive
2. Active
3. Bulk
What is passive transport?
Passive transport is when you transport something without using energy.
What is an example of passive transport?
An example of passive transport is diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Molecules tend to "spread out.
Does the process of diffusion require energy?
The process of diffusion does NOT require energy.
What is the equilibrium?
Equilibrium is when molecules are evenly spread throughout a space.
What is the process of osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
Does the process of osmosis require energy?
The process of osmosis does NOT require energy.
What is the rule for osmosis?
The rule for osmosis is that SALT SUCKS. If the area outside the cell had more salt- then the water will be sucked out of the cell.
What does "ISO" mean?
ISO means the same.
What is Isotonic?
Isotonic is a balanced solution where the concentrations are the same. Molecules move in and out, water moves in and out.
What does "HYPO" mean?
HYPO" means less.
What is hypotonic?
Hypotonic is when the higher concentration of molecules is inside the cell, and the higher concentration of water is outside the cell. Molecules want to move out of the cell and water wants to move in. Water moves in until cell bursts.
What does "HYPER" mean?
HYPER" means more.
What is hypertonic?
Hypertonic is when the higher concentration of molecules is outside the cell, and the higher concentration of water is inside the cell. Molecules more in and water moves out until cell shrivels.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is when bigger molecules go through carries proteins.
Does the process of facilitated diffusion require energy?
The process of facilitated diffusion does not require energy.
What is active transport?
Active transport is when some molecules, specifically ions have to be moved across the cell membrane from area of low concentration to high concentration.
Does the process of active transport require energy?
The process of active transport does require energy. It requires energy in the form of ATP.
What is ATP?
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate.
What is an example of active transport?
An example of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump.
What is the sodium-pottasium pump?
The sodium potassium pump is when a membrane protein pumps sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into it.
What provides the energy to the sodium-pottasium pump?
ATP provides the energy for the sodium-pottasium pump.
What is bulk transport?
Bulk transport is when molecules that are too large get through the membrane and are packed into sacs.
Does the process of bulk transport require energy?
The process of bulk transport requires energy.
What two types of energy does bulk transport require?
Bulk transport requires endocytosis and exocytosis energy.
What is endocytosis?
Endocytosis is when large molecules, clumps of food or even full cells are taken into the cell.
What does "ENDO" mean?
ENDO" means in.
What are the two types of endocytosis?
The two types of endocytosis are:
1.Pinocytosis- "Drinking"
liquids
2.Phagocytosis- "Eating"
solids
What is exocytosis?
Exocytosis is when large molecules and wastes are released from the cell.
What does "EXO" mean?
EXO" means out.
What is the cell theory?
The cell theory is the unifying theme in biology because it emphasizes the similarity of all living things. The theory states:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms.
3. Cells ari
What are the characteristics of a cell?
The characteristics of a cells are that the cells contain specialized structures to preform functions necessary for life.
What four things do cellular activities facilitate?
They facilitate:
1. Acquiring energy
2. Reproduction
3. Adaptation
4. Maintaining homeostasis
What do all cells contains?
All cells contain:
1. Genetic material-
-A singular circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes
-A double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes
2. Cytoplasm- A jelly like substance that fills the cells interior
3. Plasma membrane- Encloses the cell
-phosphol
What are the two types of cells?
1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote
What are the prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are Earth's first cells, and the simplest life forms. They exist in two major forms, eubacteria and archaebacteria.
What do prokaryote cells lack?
Prokaryote cells lack a nucleus and membrane bout organelles.
What do prokaryotic cells use for locomotion?
Prokaryotic cells use their flagellum for locomotion.
What is true about ALL prokaryotic cells?
ALL prokaryotic cells are unicellular.
What are eukaryote cells?
Eukaryote are cells that arose from prokaryotes and developed into larger and more complex organisms.
What do eukaryote cell contain?
Eukaryote cells contain a nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
What are some examples of eukaryotes?
Some examples of eukaryotes are fungus, plant and animal cells.
Is eukaryote only unicellular?
Eukaryote cells are BOTH unicellular and multi-cellular.
Who is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek?
-First to use a microscope to see microscopic organisms
-Called them "animalcules"
-Invented microscopes
Who is Robert Hooke?
-Observed cork under microscope: Saw tiny chambers
-Called these "cells
Schleiden:
-All plants are made of cells
Schwann:
-All animals are made of cells
Virchow:
-Cells arise from preexisting cells
Francisco Redi:
-Disapproved of spontaneous generation