What percent of energy found in one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level?
10%
Explain the process of mitosis
- the cell gets the signal to divide and duplicates its DNA so that there is one copy for each new cell
- chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell
- cell fibres pull them apart (the two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell)
- Membr
Where is mitosis used?
somatic cells, NOT sex cells
What is the end result of mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells
Interphase
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
Prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
How is mitosis different in plant and animal cells?
Plants undergo cell plate division while animals have the cleavage furrow
Explain the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid
A chromosome is a set of two sister chromatids, while a chromatid is one half of a chromosome
Explain the process of meiosis
After a cell undergoes mitosis, copies of genetic information are made. The cell then divides twice to make four gametes, each has a single set of chromosomes.
What are the differences between meiosis and mitosis?
one has to do with somatic while the other is with gametes
Explain the difference in meiosis between males and females
?end result in type of cells produced?
What does the presence of polar bodies tell us about the stage of meiosis?
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complete dominance
A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. (Aa and AA are the same phenotype)
incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele (pink flowers)
Co-dominance
A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed (roan horses with red and white hair and blood type)
X-linked traits
traits carried on the X chromosome, the recessive trait shows up more commonly in males due to them only having one X (hemophilia and color blindness)
In this lab what did the ratios of offspring reveal about the parents in the tobacco seedlings?
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What did the ratios of offspring reveal about the parents in the dihybrid corn cross? Be able to do a dihybrid cross.
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How does gel electrophoresis separate proteins?
hemoglobin is misshapen, and has 2 thaliene, the gel separates molecules off of charge alone.--has 2 negatives
How is normal hemoglobin different from sickle cell hemoglobin?
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How were we able to use gel electrophoresis to differentiate between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin?
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What did you discover about the genetics of the parents and the wife's sister when you ran your gels?
The parents were both heterozygous while the sister was recessive
When you used the ethanol and dishwashing detergent, what were you extracting from the strawberries?
DNA
DNA replication
DNA transcription
DNA translation
What is the template molecule for m-RNA and what is the function of mRNA during protein synthesis?
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What is the function of tRNA during protein synthesis?
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DNA STRAND: AAA TTT GGG CCC
What is the sequence of nitrogen bases found on a mRNA strand that transcribed the above DNA strand? What is the sequence of nitrogen bases found on the four tRNA molecules that pair up with the above mRNA strand that you fille
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What is the equation for the Hardy-Weinberg formula? What do each of the variables represent?
p= 2 dominant traits, q=2 recessive pq=heterozygous
p+q=1
p and q by themselves are just the frequencies of the alleles
What is the equation for the chi-square test?
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What is the chi-square test used for?
measures observed vs expected frequency. determines whether distribution is caused by chance or experimental conditions
Is there any support for the idea that vestigial or normal flies were selected for in either the windy or non-windy environment?
Yes, vestigial winged flies do much better in the windy environment.