Chapter 4 Bio HW Clack

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

microbial cure

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

What cellular structure do antibiotics typically target?

cell walls

1 meter = ____ centimeters

100 centimeters

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

fimbriae

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.

D

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

ribosomes

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

...

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?

mitochondria

The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.

chromatin

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.

nucleolus

_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.

ribosomes

Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane?

rough ER

The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

plasma membrane

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

microtubules

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

basal bodies

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

peroxisome

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?
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mitochondrion

plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

nucleus

The structural framework in a cell is the

cytoskeleton

Where is ATP made?

mitochondria

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

ribosomes

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

golgi apparatus

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

lysosomes

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.

have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

The microscope best for viewing living cells at low levels of magnification is the ________.

light microscope

In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region that surrounds organelles but is not found inside the nucleus?

cytoplasm

Which is a feature of prokaryotic cells but NOT eukaryotic cells?

fimbria

The extracellular matrix of animal cells ________.

protects and support cells

________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.

phospholipids

The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ________.

phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ________.

have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

Which is a function of the plasma membrane?

regulate traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell

In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____.

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA

hat name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

transcription

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

translation

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

rna processing

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

amino acids

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.

mRNA

The nuclear envelope is composed of ______.

double membrane

The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________.

chromatin

Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes.

46

Where does protein synthesis take place?

ribosomes

Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______.

mRNA

All of the following options (except one) are locations where ribosomes are found inside the cell. Choose the exception.

inside nucleus

Which structure manufactures the components of ribosomes?

nucleolus

What is a gene?

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?

lysosomes

endomembrane system includes

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.

lysosomes

Vacuoles are

membranous sacs

In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.

central vacuoles

Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ________.

cell wall and an central vacuole

Which part(s) of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company?

the golgi apparatus

Digestion of organic matter inside the cell takes place in what organelle?

lysosome

Which is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

protein modification

A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ________.

in fresh water

Transport vesicles move proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to what other organelle?

golgi apparatus

Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, one would expect to find a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in ________ cells.

liver

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ________.

lipid synthesis and drug detoxification

A hormone that is secreted from a cell is manufactured by ribosomes ________.

attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .

plasma membrane, cell wall

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP.

Chloroplasts, mitochondria

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?

Chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall

The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down.

Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome

Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ________.

surrounded by two memebranes

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ________.

stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP

What is the major function of chloroplasts

to allow photosynthesis to occur

Which adaptation increases the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration?

cristae of a mitochondrion

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

microtubules

Which makes up portions of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules