Lynn Margulis
A female scientist who proposed that Eukaryotic cells arose as a combination of different prokaryotic cells. How they become different is the basis of what is called the endosymbiont hypothesis.
Robert Hooke
He discovered cells. He discovered them using a compound microscope.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
He invented the microscope and is the father of microbiology.
Cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
What is located in the cell membrane?
Proteins, carbs and the lipid bilayer.
Hydrophilic head
water loving
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Lipid bilayer
a double layered pattern formed by phospholipids in water; the principle component of the cell membrane.
Eukaryotes
organisms made up of cells that contain nuclei. can range from singed celled organisms to organisms made of trillions of cells.
Prokaryotes
organisms that do not have nuclei. small single celled organisms. Ex. bacteria
compound light microscope
-has more than one lens
-most can magnify an image up to 100 times
-useful for studying cells and small organisms
electron microscope
uses beams of electrons, rather than light, to produce images
Scanning Probe Microscope
provides a maximum magnification of 10,000,000
cell
Basic unit of life
what is the difference between plant and animal cells?
the plant cell has a chloroplast and cell wall while a animal cell has neither.
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
what consists of passive transport?
-diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-osmosis
-plasmosis
what consists of active transport?
-endocytosis
-pinocytosis
-phagosytosis
-exocytosis
-sodium/potassium ion exchange pump
diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
osmosis
diffusion of water
plasmosis
This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
pinocytosis
How liquids get into a cell
phagocytosis
how solids get into a cell
exocytosis
how things get out of the cell
sodium-potassion ion exchange pump
In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell.
facilitated diffusion
substances cross the cell membrane through, special channels in proteins.
organelle
small structures within the cytoplasm that perform specialized functions within the cell.
nucleus
the largest most prominent organelle in the cell. the nucleus contains nearly all of a cells DNA.
DNA
Nucleic acid out of which genes are made.
genes
the bearers of hereditary traits from parent to offspring
nuclear envelope
double membrane of the cell nucleus, contains nuclear poles which allow material to move into or out of the nucleus.
chromatin
Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones
chromosomes
structure in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA bound to a protein
nucleolus
produces ribosomes
cytoplasm
the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
ribosomes
small, circular organelles that live in the cytoplams proteins to be used in the cell in activities such as celluar respiration.
endoplasmic reticulum
the processor that transports proteins and other macro molecules in the cell
golgi apparatus
are in the cell where proteins are modified, packaged or shipped to locations throughout the cell or outside of the cell.
lysosomes
sac like membrane filled with chemicals and enzymes that can break down almost any substance within the cell.
vacuole
sac like structure in a cell that stores materials(such as proteins,fats and carbs in animal cells;and water and dissolved salts in plant cells)
cytoskelton
a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. framework
Chloroplast
harvests that energy of sunlight. found only in plant cells and certain types of algae.
Mitcochondria
produces energy from chemical fuel. 2nd largest cell. powerhouse of the cell
centromere
the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatin
centriole
small structure in animal cells that help to organize moicrotubules.
semi permeable
membranes that allow some substances through but not others