6 Kingdoms
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
3 larger domains
Eubacteria, Archaea & the Eukarya (which is then divided into the 4 kingdoms)
Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
- small, simple, single prokaryotic cell
- no nucleus
- Both auto & heterotrophs
Eubacteria
contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Archaea
are the extreme bacteria, living in areas we would not expect to find life. Have cell walls with other polysaccharides.
Protista
- Large, single eukaryotic cell OR colonial OR multicellular
- No cell walls
- Both auto & heterotrophs
- Most move, some don't!
- "misfit" category!
Fungi
- Most are multicellular, but can be unicellular (such as yeast)
- Have specialized eukaryotic cells
- Heterotrophic
- Cell walls made of chitin
- No motility
Plants
- Multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells
- Do not have their own means of locomotion
- Autotrophic
- Cell walls that contain cellulose
- Divisions: Vascular vs Nonvascular
Animals
- Multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells
- Have their own means of locomotion
- Lack cell walls
- Heterotrophic
Uses for system:
- Being able to identify species out in the world easier
- Knowing more about each organism you encounter
- Understanding, creating and using dichotomous keys and cladogram
Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
- Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
Prokaryotic cells
- Unicellular and Asexual
- Contain DNA as well as usually contain one or more small circular DNA molecules called plasmids (increases genetic variation).
- All have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm and ribosomes.
- Some have flagella: long, whiplike
Eukaryotic Cells
- All contain a nucleus and other compartments called organelles
- Make up both unicellular or multicellular organisms (all kingdoms within Eukarya domain, though each vary)
Nucleus
- A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
- control center of the cell
Cell Membrane
- In BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
- Made of phospholipids
- Regulate what enters and exits the cell.
Cell Wall
- prokaryotic
- plants
- fungi
- rigid and holds shape, outside the cell membrane
composed of CELLULOSE
Cilia/Flagella
- In BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
- made of microfilaments
-aids in movement
Flagella: long and usually one
Cilia: short, usually many, helps thing pass through digestive tract, etc.
Ribosomes
- In BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
- two subunits
- reads RNA to make proteins
Mitochondria
- in eukaryotic cells
STRUCTURE:
- both plant and animal cells
- two membranes (inner and outer)
-the inner has many folds
- contains its own DNA
makes energy for the cell (glucose into ATP)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
-eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
STRUCTURE:
- Rough ER: contains ribosomes, helps them move proteins
- Smooth ER:
- makes/moves lipids for membranes
- does not contain ribosomes
Makes vesicles to move things through cell "intracellular high
Golgi apparatus
-eukaryotic cells
-both plant and animals
- flattened sacs of membrane
- packages and labels new proteins and lipids with an "address", puts into a vesticle (transport sac) to secrete into the cell
* Post office
Lysosome
-eukaryotic
- both plant and animals
- round vesicle
- digests old organelles, bacteria, etc.
-has enzymes inside that allows it to do this
"house keeping
Centrioles
- eukaryotic
- Animal cells
- made of microtubules
-involved in cell division
Cytoskeleton
- In BOTH prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
- network of microfilaments/microtubules
-gives the cell shape and support, holds organelles in place
Nucleus
- eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
-has a double membrane surrounded by a nuclear membrane
-contains DNA
Chloroplast
-eukaryotic cells.
-plant cells
-double membrane
- contains DNA
-carry out photosynthesis to convert sun energy into chemical energy (glucose)
Vacuole
- eukaryotic cells.
-both plant and animal cells
- Big vesicle- animals cell have them but they are smaller and not central to the cell (like plants)
- Stores water and metabolic waste/poisons
What structures do plants cell have that animal cells do not?
Chloroplast and cell wall and large vaccuole
What does a cell need?
- Water
- Correct balance of ions
- Nutrients (sugars, amino acids, lipids)
- Some hormones
- Wastes must exit!
Phospholipid
--Hydrophilic: water-liking (polar end) (HEAD) (polar)
--Hydrophobic: water-fearing (non polar/lipid end) (TAILS) (non-polar)
--> makes Phospholipid Bilayer which has tails attracted in middle and heads sticking out
Transport Proteins/ Protein Channels
allows for substances to pass through the membrane (usually molecules are too large or ionized/polar, so will not pass thru on own)
Cholesterol
provide "wiggle room"�fluidity for membrane and stability
holds cell shape
keep cell membranes from becoming stiff by preventing phospholipids from being too closely packed together
SELECTIVELY/SEMI Permeable
- Structure of the membrane only allows certain molecules to pass thru
- Small molecules, hydrophobic move best
- Small uncharged polar molecules
water, glycerol, ethanol
- Others cannot pass through without the help of transport proteins
-Larger uncharge
Types of Transport
- Passive Transport (Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion)
- Active Transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Diffusion
- When a concentration gradient (differential) forms, molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
- Aim to reach equilibrium
- Passive transport, molecules move through the pores of membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion with WATER
Hypotonic solution: (dilute)
if the concentration of water outside the cell is higher than inside, water moves in, and the cell swells
Hypertonic solution: (more concentrated)
if the concentration of water outside the cell is lower than inside, water is driven out and the cell shrinks
Isotonic solution: (equal)
If the concentration of water is equal inside and outside of the cell, then there is no net movement of water.
Facilitated Diffusion
- A type of passive transport, molecules that are too large (or ionized) are passed through the cell membrane via a transport protein channel.
- No energy required, molecules still move with concentration gradient.
Bulk Transport
- Requires Energy
- Large molecules
- the cell membrane folds around the substance to be transported, making a pocket to carry it in or out of the cell.
- Endocytosis how unicellular organisms or very simple multicellular organisms get food
- Pinocytosis
Active Transport
- Requires energy (ATP) because molecules are being moved against the concentration gradient.
- Always occurs through a protein channel
Example of Active Transport
Sodium Potassium Pump
- To regulate cell volume and resting potential, cell uses energy to force 3 Na+ ions out, while taking 2 K+ ions in.
Neuron
HAS 3 parts
- Cell body (Soma): has nucleus and other organelles
- Dendrites: receive stimuli and conduct impulses towards the cell body
Differ depending on the environmental stimuli to translate (all into electrical energy)
- Axon: carries impulses Away
How the neuron works
- Cell membranes are selectively permeable
- Using Active transport (Na/K pump) create a - "charged" membrane
- Unequal distribution of ions (K+ and Na+)
*****Creates electric potential which is resting potential
All living cells have these 3 things in common
cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm
This person coined the term "cells"?
Robert Hooke
What part of the cell was Hooke actually seeing when he coined the term "cells?
Cell Wall in Cork
What do we call the coiled form of DNA in the cell?
chromosomes
What structure in the nucleus is responsible for manufacturing the ribosomes?
nucleolus
One thing animal cells have the plants dont?
Centrioles
The cytoplasm is made mostly of?
Water
Plants require mitochondria to obtain energy for cellular processes?
TRUE
What is another name for cell membrane
Fluid Model mosiac
plasmolyzed
plant cell in hypertonic solution (Plasmolysis.
(no internal pressure, plant wilts) loose water shrinking vacuole no pressure)